“…Many metaheuristics developed in recent years were constructed based on swarm intelligence. Many of these metaheuristics use animal behavior as metaphors, such as walrus optimization algorithm (WaOA) [6], coati optimization algorithm (COA) [7], osprey optimization algorithm (OOA) [8], slime mold algorithm (SMA) [9], komodo mlipir algorithm (KMA) [10], zebra optimization algorithm (ZOA) [11], pelican optimization algorithm (POA) [12], golden jackal optimization (GJO) [13], clouded leopard optimization (CLO) [14], Siberian tiger optimization (STO) [15], marine predator algorithm (MPA) [16], Tasmanian devil [17], northern goshawk optimization (NGO) [18], and so on. Some metaheuristics utilized their member as metaphors, such as three influential member-based optimizations (TIMBO) [19], multileader optimization (MLO) [20], mixed leader-based optimization (MLBO) [21], hybrid leader-based optimization (HLBO) [22], and so on.…”