“…However, compared with liquid electrolyte, pure PVDF-HFP based electrolytes remain low ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient, which decrease conversion efficiency of DSSCs. Hence, various nanomaterials, such as TiO 2 , ZnO, SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles, clay, graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes composite electrolyte, have been employed widely to synthesize composite electrolyte for improving the performance of DSSCs [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. It is well known that functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (FMWCNT) possesses higher conductivity, dispersibility, charge transport and strong capability to increase ionic free volume, but it have been rarely integrated with PVDF-HFP for composited electrolyte [33,34].…”