A New Female Elytral Character for the Tribe Cyclocephalini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) and an Observation of its Possible Function

Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae)

“…Cyclocephaline scarab beetles have been observed to mate within the inflorescences or flowers of many families: 1) Nymphaeaceae (Prance and Arias 1975; Hirthe and Porembski 2003); 2) Annonaceae (Gottsberger 1990, Murray 1993, Costa et al 2017); 3) Magnoliaceae (Gibbs et al 1977, Dieringer and Espinosa 1994, Dieringer et al 1999); 4) Cyclanthaceae (Beach 1982); 5) Araceae (Young 1986, 1988a, b, Maia and Schlindwein 2006, Grimm 2009, Seymour et al 2009, Moore 2012); 5) Arecaceae (Beach 1984, Rickson et al 1990, Voeks 2002); 6) Solanaceae (Ratcliffe and Cave 2017); and possibly 7) Cactaceae (B. Schlumpberger in litt . 2011).…”

“…Because these tropical cyclocephalines often mate within their host inflorescences, it is unclear how sexual isolation is maintained when congenerics are present. Diagnostic secondary sexual characters of the elytral epipleuron in females and protarsal and paramere morphology in males may be involved in the sexual isolation of cyclocephaline species (Moore 2012). …”

Aroid scarabs in the genus Peltonotus Burmeister (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae): key to species and new distributional data

“…Species are characterized by combinations of characters including the form of the labrum (weakly sinuate, bi-emarginate/broadly emarginated, or deeply bilobed) (Figs 20–24), mentum apex and second labial palpomere (compared with palpomere 1) (Figs 25–35), mala of maxilla with or without thickened and strongly flattened setae (“lamellate setal brush”) (Figs 36–44), stipes of maxilla with or without curly setae (Figs 36–44), male protibia tri- or bidentate (Figs 45–49), form of male protarsomeres (Figs 50–54), form of the male parameres (Figs 55–72), and form of the female epipleuron in ventral view in relation to the position of the metacoxa (Figs 73–91). Expansions of the female elytral epipleuron may have an inflated area (or pillow) in dorsal view (Moore 2012). Setae are important for species diagnosis and are defined as minute if they are less than 0.2 mm, short if between 0.2–0.5 mm, moderately long if between 0.5–1.0 mm, and long if between 1.0–2.0 mm (as measured with an ocular micrometer).…”

Annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini)

“… Arrow 1911 , 1937b , Blackwelder 1944 , Otoya 1945 , Gutiérrez 1950 , Martínez 1965a , Howden and Campbell 1974 , Endrődi 1966 , 1985a , Ruiz and Pamalpa 1990 , Montoya et al 1994 , Restrepo et al 2003, Ratcliffe 2002a , 2003 , Onore 1997 , 2005 , Pardo-Locarno et al 2005a , Útima and Vallejo 2008 , Gasca-Álvarez and Amat-García 2010 , Krajcik 2005 , 2012 , Moore 2012 , Breeschoten et al 2013 , López-García et al 2015 , Ratcliffe et al 2015 , Dossey et al 2016 , Figueroa and Ratcliffe 2016 , Mitasuhashi 2016 , Villalobos-Moreno et al 2016 , 2017 .…”

“…Bates 1888 , Arrow 1937b , Martorell and Salas 1939 , Blackwelder 1944 , Roze 1955 , Pike et al 1976 , Endrődi 1966 , 1985a , Morón 1979 , Thomas 1993 , Lobo and Morón 1993 , Morón 1994 , Ratcliffe and Morón 1997 , Navarrete-Heredia et al 2001 , Carrillo-Ruiz and Morón 2003 , Ratcliffe 2002a , 2003 , Restrepo-Giraldo et al 2003 , Espino 2005, Pardo-Locarno et al 2003 , 2005a , Neita-Moreno et al 2006 , Ratcliffe and Cave 2006 , Pacheco-F. et al 2008 , Núñez-Avellaneda and Rojas-Robles 2008 , Útima and Vallejo 2008 , García-López et al 2011 , Neita-Moreno 2011 , Krajcik 2005 , 2012 , Moore 2012 , Breeschoten et al 2013 , Pardo-Locarno 2013 , Deloya et al 1993 , 2014, López-García et al 2015 , Ratcliffe et al 2013 , 2015 .…”