A new generalized soil thermal conductivity model for sand–kaolin clay mixtures using thermo-time domain reflectometry probe test

A Review and Evaluation of Predictive Models for Thermal Conductivity of Sands at Full Water Content Range

“…The Haigh [16] (HS2012) and Rubin and Ho [22] (RH2018) models are physically based models. The Ewen and Thomas [23] (ET1987), Zhang et al [24] (ZN2015), Zhang et al [25] (ZN2016) and Zhao et al [26] (ZY2019) models are normalized thermal conductivity models. The Becker et al [27] (BB1992), Chen [15] (CS2008), Li et al [28] (LY2012) and Alrtimi et al [17] (AA2016) models were developed empirically.…”

“…Zhang et al [25] further modified the Côté and Konrad [41] model with experimental data measured on sand-kaolin clay mixtures with thermo-TDR method, the resulting formula is…”

“…This screen procedure ended up with 1025 measurements on 62 sands from 20 studies [9,15,23,25,26,36,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57], which are all published data. These data were mainly measured under controlled laboratory conditions to maintain high quality.…”

“…These data were mainly measured under controlled laboratory conditions to maintain high quality. The sand samples of this compiled dataset were from different regions around the world, including Germany [43], the UK [23], Greece [52], Australia [44], the USA [25,36,45,51,57], Canada [26,[53][54][55][56], China [15,46], Japan [47,50] and South Korea [9]. Selected soil physical properties can be found in Table 1.…”

“…A total of 14 models to predict λ eff of sands were evaluated with a large compiled dataset consisting of 1025 measurements on 62 sands from 20 studies. The results show that the models of Chen 2008 (CS2008) and Zhang et al 2016 give the best estimates of thermal conductivity of sands, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.9 and RMSE = 0.3 W m −1 • C −1 . These two models are potentially applied to accurately estimate thermal conductivity of sands of different types.…”