A New Handheld Device for the Detection of Falsified Medicines: Demonstration on Falsified Artemisinin-Based Therapies from the Field

Wilson, Benjamin K.; Kaur, Harsimran; Allan, Elizabeth Louise; Lozama, Anthony; Bell, David

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0904

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Symbiotic sources. In fact, 20 seeds were enough to have a 95% chance of appropriately assigning the category, thus confirming previous results 23 pertaining to the detection of falsified medicines. The instrument is also suitable for practical applications, as shown by its capacity to discriminate frozen milk samples originated from either grass-fed or from conventional fed cows 24 as well as to assess oxidative stress from a simple NIRtomoscopy of the ear of rabbit does 25 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Spectroscopic Kernel Quality from a Symbiotic Corn Production

Masoero¹,

Mazzinelli²,

Balconi³

et al. 2020

JAR

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The management of the inoculation of a plant's roots, by means of biofertilizers (BF) containing arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, is aimed at inducing modifications of the quality of the seeds. It is here shown that a seed-soil treatment can be elicited in the fingerprints of a symbiotic treatment using Near Infra Red (NIR)-SCiO NIR-SCiO spectra collections of single kernels: overall, a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 73% have been achieved, thus suggesting that it may be possible to assign the symbiotic origin of corn from just twenty kernels, provided that the dataset is adequately representative of the cultivar and AM. A global correlation study has shown a positive general trend (R 2 0.45) of quality vs. quantity, in the sense that an increase in yield corresponded to an increase in the spectral differences between the symbiotic spectra and the control ones, but the inverse was also true, as a result of the parasitic behaviour of the BF treatments. The efficacy of the symbiosis can be back predicted from the NIR spectra; in fact, around 90% of the positive yield outcome results were discriminated from the negative ones. A reduction in the foliar pH (R 2 0.37) and an increase in the foliar protein (R 2 0.43) were observed as immediate phenotypic signs of a productive symbiosis.The commercial raw composition of the kernels appeared to only be affected slightly by the BF treatments; thus, till now uncharted secondary compounds of the maize kernels are involved, as supported by animal performances.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Spectroscopic Kernel Quality from a Symbiotic Corn Production

Masoero¹,

Mazzinelli²,

Balconi³

et al. 2020

JAR

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“…The device has been successfully proven able to discriminate mountain from plain dairy iced milk [34]. In the fight against commercial fraud, Wilson et al [35] found SCÏO to be useful for identifying authentic artemisinin-based compounds and suggested that it could enable widespread drug screening at multiple points in the health network. In a recent review, Kademi et al [36] discussed new NIRS devices that might stand as promising alternatives to large, expensive, benchtop types in food analysis, inspection, and control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart NIR Tomoscopy to Predict Oxidative Stress in Rabbits

Candellone¹,

Peiretti²,

Masoero³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The aim of this study was to find a correlation between in vivo NIR scan patterns, oxidative status, and blood serum metabolites in rabbits fed diets protected or unprotected against oxidation. Rabbits does in groups of eight were fed for 9 weeks with diets containing linseed, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (LS), or linseed plus hazelnut skins, with antioxidant function (LS+HS), and palm oil, rich in saturated fatty acids (PO). The animals were examined at days 1, 31, and 63 using a smart SCÏO molecular sensor, a new miniaturized web-based wireless device, applied to the internal ear flap (NIR range 740-1070 nm). The hazelnut peels integrated diet protected the rabbits from the oxidative stress induced by the addition of unprotected polyunsaturated fats. NIR tomoscopy was variously correlated with serum parameters, lysozyme (R2=0.71), ROMs (0.47), cholesterol (0.49), triglycerides (0.40), and a multivariate Index of Oxidative Risk (0.67 [IOR]). The correlations suggested a close connection between the clustering of the diets according to the laboratory variables and the NIRS scan pattern clustering at the ending trial day, as shown by the highly significant odds ratios. Advantageous use of this simple, painless technique was evident in the planning phase, with no difference among the groups at the beginning of the study, but an effect size that evolved differently over time until the end of the study. In a practical validation of the SCÏO model in 92 commercial rabbit does, the average spread of the predicted IOR was 33% in lactating does (2.54±0.05) vs. dry does (1.91±0.07).

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“…Even the poor countries are supposed to afford rapid detection tools in order to be able to identify these bad medicines in their supply chain and at the points of entry into their countries. The advent of a less expensive, hand-held near-infrared spectrometer (NIRS) as a portable device for the detection of quality assured and SFM of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) medicines is important progress (31). NIRS, which cost only around US$1,000 has shown promising results for the screening of falsified ACTs samples from Equatorial Guinea and Ghana, and it can facilitate cheaper rapid testing at any country's point of entry and in the supply chain (31).…”

Section: Methods and Technologies For The Detection Of Substandard Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Peril of Substandard and Falsified Medicines to Public Health and Safety in Africa: Need for All-Out War to End the Menace

Aminu

Sha’aban

Abubakar

et al. 2017

Medicine Access @ Point of Care

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REVIEW this goal seems to be unachievable in the near future in lowincome African nations because of the menace of SFM. SFM are still taking a devastating toll on human lives silently and regularly, especially in poor African, Asian, and Latin American countries (3). Substandard or sometimes poisonous medicines can harm patients directly by compromising the treatment of many life-threatening diseases in these countries. An estimated 627,000-1,238,000 deaths occur each year as a result of malaria-the majority of which are in Africa (4). A study conducted in the sub-Saharan African countries on the cause of mortalities associated with poor quality medicines, which were referred to as "falsified, substandard, or degraded" antimalarial medicines, revealed that 122,350 children under 5 years old died in 2013 alone due to reliance on poor-quality antimalarial medicines for the treatment of malaria (4). Although adulteration, falsification, and fraudulent manufacture of medicines is not a new problem, the recent expansions in industrialization and trade have aggravated the scale of the problem (5). The global sales of falsified medicines are rising significantly, which is evident by the increasing number of countries that report breaches of their supply chain, as well as product falsifications (6). The reported scale of this

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A New Handheld Device for the Detection of Falsified Medicines: Demonstration on Falsified Artemisinin-Based Therapies from the Field

Cited by 31 publications

References 12 publications

Spectroscopic Kernel Quality from a Symbiotic Corn Production

Spectroscopic Kernel Quality from a Symbiotic Corn Production

Smart NIR Tomoscopy to Predict Oxidative Stress in Rabbits

Unveiling the Peril of Substandard and Falsified Medicines to Public Health and Safety in Africa: Need for All-Out War to End the Menace

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