“…The Indonesian method, as developed by Poupon and Leveaux in 1971 [ 51 ], is implemented in this study for the calculation of water saturation within the hydrocarbon reservoirs in the context of shaly sand formations. Traditional approaches, such as Archie's, Simandoux's, Dual Water Model, or Waxman-Smits' equations, albeit valuable, may fail to yield accurate results when deployed in more complex rock matrices [ 51 , 52 ].…”