“…In terms of economic growth, issues such as weakening domestic demand, declining investment, aging populations, and decreasing birth rates have increased the downward pressures on economic growth (Huang et al, 2012 [ 38 ]). In terms of ecological environments, China is currently facing some environmental challenges such as air pollution, water contamination, land degradation, and localized ecological destruction (Caglar, et al, 2024 [ 39 ]). Regarding social inclusion, although China’s impoverished population had been completely lifted out of poverty by 2020, there are still significant disparities in income distribution, educational opportunities, health care, and employment among different groups such as between urban and rural areas, across different regions, and between registered urban residents and the floating population (Song et al, 2024 [ 40 ]; Dong et al, 2022 [ 41 ]).…”