“…The photooxidation of PS decreased with addition of high molecular weight of HALS (linear peroxide amine type of new polymeric HALS) and the photostabilization efficiency was similar or better than that of Cyabsorb 3529 Sun et al (2002) (Figure 47). Figure 47
Structure of Cyabsorb UV 3529.…”
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may cause the significant degradation of many materials. UV radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in breaking of the polymer chains, produces free radical and reduces the molecular weight, causing deterioration of mechanical properties and leading to useless materials, after an unpredictable time. Polystyrene (PS), one of the most important material in the modern plastic industry, has been used all over the world, due to its excellent physical properties and low-cost. When polystyrene is subjected to UV irradiation in the presence of air, it undergoes a rapid yellowing and a gradual embrittlement. The mechanism of PS photolysis in the solid state (film) depends on the mobility of free radicals in the polymer matrix and their bimolecular recombination. Free hydrogen radicals diffuse very easily through the polymer matrix and combine in pairs or abstract hydrogen atoms from polymer molecule. Phenyl radical has limited mobility. They may abstract hydrogen from the near surrounding or combine with a polymer radical or with hydrogen radicals. Almost all synthetic polymers require stabilization against adverse environmental effects. It is necessary to find a means to reduce or prevent damage induced by environmental components such as heat, light or oxygen. The photostabilization of polymers may be achieved in many ways. The following stabilizing systems have been developed, which depend on the action of stabilizer: (1) light screeners, (2) UV absorbers, (3) excited-state quenchers, (4) peroxide decomposers, and (5) free radical scavengers; of these, it is generally believed that excited-state quenchers, peroxide decomposers, and free radical scavengers are the most effective. Research into degradation and ageing of polymers is extremely intensive and new materials are being synthesized with a pre-programmed lifetime. New stabilizers are becoming commercially available although their modes of action are sometimes not thoroughly elucidated. They target the many possible ways of polymer degradation: thermolysis, thermooxidation, photolysis, photooxidation, radiolysis etc. With the goal to increase lifetime of a particular polymeric material, two aspects of degradation are of particular importance: Storage conditions, and Addition of appropriate stabilizers. A profound knowledge of degradation mechanisms is needed to achieve the goal.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-398) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…The photooxidation of PS decreased with addition of high molecular weight of HALS (linear peroxide amine type of new polymeric HALS) and the photostabilization efficiency was similar or better than that of Cyabsorb 3529 Sun et al (2002) (Figure 47). Figure 47
Structure of Cyabsorb UV 3529.…”
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation may cause the significant degradation of many materials. UV radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in breaking of the polymer chains, produces free radical and reduces the molecular weight, causing deterioration of mechanical properties and leading to useless materials, after an unpredictable time. Polystyrene (PS), one of the most important material in the modern plastic industry, has been used all over the world, due to its excellent physical properties and low-cost. When polystyrene is subjected to UV irradiation in the presence of air, it undergoes a rapid yellowing and a gradual embrittlement. The mechanism of PS photolysis in the solid state (film) depends on the mobility of free radicals in the polymer matrix and their bimolecular recombination. Free hydrogen radicals diffuse very easily through the polymer matrix and combine in pairs or abstract hydrogen atoms from polymer molecule. Phenyl radical has limited mobility. They may abstract hydrogen from the near surrounding or combine with a polymer radical or with hydrogen radicals. Almost all synthetic polymers require stabilization against adverse environmental effects. It is necessary to find a means to reduce or prevent damage induced by environmental components such as heat, light or oxygen. The photostabilization of polymers may be achieved in many ways. The following stabilizing systems have been developed, which depend on the action of stabilizer: (1) light screeners, (2) UV absorbers, (3) excited-state quenchers, (4) peroxide decomposers, and (5) free radical scavengers; of these, it is generally believed that excited-state quenchers, peroxide decomposers, and free radical scavengers are the most effective. Research into degradation and ageing of polymers is extremely intensive and new materials are being synthesized with a pre-programmed lifetime. New stabilizers are becoming commercially available although their modes of action are sometimes not thoroughly elucidated. They target the many possible ways of polymer degradation: thermolysis, thermooxidation, photolysis, photooxidation, radiolysis etc. With the goal to increase lifetime of a particular polymeric material, two aspects of degradation are of particular importance: Storage conditions, and Addition of appropriate stabilizers. A profound knowledge of degradation mechanisms is needed to achieve the goal.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-398) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…The HMH was characterized as the linear 1:1 addition polymer of DGEBA and AP with an average molecular weight of 2,400. 5 The LMH is the soluble part of the addition polymer in acetone. The LMH is soluble in THF, chlorobenzene, alcohol, chloroform, or acetone, but insoluble in ethyl ether.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The insoluble part of the addition polymer in acetone was characterized as a linear 1:1 addition polymer of DGEBA and AP with an average molecular weight of 2,400. 5 However, the soluble part of the addition polymer in acetone has not been characterized up to now. The present paper deals with the preparation of the cyclic HALS obtained by the addition polymerization of two diepoxides with AP.…”
A new cyclic, hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) was prepared by the addition polymerization of a diepoxide and 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, and its photostabilizing effects on styrenic polymers were examined. The chemical structure of cyclic HALS was characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The prepared cyclic HALS had a moderate molecular weight (M w = 900~1,100) and high thermal stability (T d ≈ 300 o C) that were compatible with styrenic polymers, such as polystyrene and styrene-butadiene rubber. The photostabilization effect of cyclic HALS was similar to or better than that of Tinuvin 770, a commercially available polymeric HALS. A synergistic effect between cyclic HALS and a UV absorber on the inhibition of photooxidation was observed.
“…The long-term protection was observed with oligomeric HAS stabilizer, whereas very short-time protection was found with low-molecular weight HAS [19][20][21][22]. Polymeric hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) shows a much higher thermal stability and better extraction resistance than that of low molecular weight; thus, the tendency for developing amine stabilizers in the form of oligomeric/polymeric macromolecules recently established [23,24]. HALS was developed from lowmolecular-weight stabilizers to high molecular weight to counteract the effects of volatilization and extraction from the polymer matrix during outdoor application [25,26].…”
In our previous studies, we have found the synergistic combinations of stabilizers which follow different mechanisms of stabilization and are approved for food contact applications. The present attempt is to test the potentials of those systems in stabilizing c-sterilized lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE). The results were discussed by comparing the stabilizing efficiency of mixtures with and without phenol systems as well as with their counterparts of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and ethylene-propylene copolymers (EP) matrices. LDPE has been melt-mixed with tertiary hindered amine stabilizer (tert-HAS), oligomeric HAS stabilizer, phenolic and organo-phosphite antioxidants and subjected to c-sterilization. Stabilization in terms of changes in oxidation products, tensile properties, yellowing and surface morphology was evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy, Instron, colorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results of the present study confirm the validity of those systems for protecting various polyolefins against c-sterilization. The results showed that the synergism, antagonism and the trend in stabilization efficiency of the binary, ternary and quaternary stabilizer systems were almost similar in LDPE, iPP and EP matrices. The binary system of oligomeric HAS and tert-HAS has shown the antagonistic effect of stabilization, whereas their combination with organophosphite has exhibited synergistic effect even at higher doses of c-sterilization. The combination of oligomeric HAS, tert-HAS, organo-phosphite and hindered phenol exhibited improved stabilization efficiency than single or binary additive systems. The phenol systems have shown long term of stability than that of phenol-free systems. It was found that the consumption of oligomeric stabilizer significantly depends on the components of stabilization mixture. It was concluded that the stability of polyolefins (LDPE, iPP and EP) against c-sterilization can be achieved by blends of different stabilizers which are approved for food contact applications.
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