A new restricted access molecularly imprinted polymer capped with albumin for direct extraction of drugs from biological matrices: the case of chlorpromazine in human plasma

Abstract

A new restricted access molecularly imprinted polymer coated with bovine serum albumin (RAMIP-BSA) was developed, characterized, and used for direct analysis of chlorpromazine in human plasma samples. The RAMIP-BSA was synthesized using chlorpromazine, methacrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as template, functional monomer, and cross-linker, respectively. Glycerol dimethacrylate and hydroxy methyl methacrylate were used to promote a hydrophilic surface (high density of hydroxyl groups). Afterward, the polymer was coated with BSA using glutaraldehyde as cross-linker, resulting in a protein chemical shield around it. The material was able to eliminate ca. 99% of protein when a 44-mg mL(-1) BSA aqueous solution was passed through it. The RAMIP-BSA was packed in a column and used for direct analysis of chlorpromazine in human plasma samples in an online column switching high-performance liquid chromatography system. The analytical calibration curve was prepared in a pool of human plasma samples with chlorpromazine concentrations ranging from 30 to 350 μg L(-1). The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.995 and the limit of quantification was 30 μg L(-1). Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy presented variation coefficients and relative errors lower than 15% and within -15 and 15%, respectively. The sample throughput was 3 h(-1) (sample preparation and chromatographic analysis steps) and the same RAMIP-BSA column was efficiently used for about 90 cycles.

An Update on the Use of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Beta-Blocker Drug Analysis as a Selective Separation Method in Biological and Environmental Analysis

“…Coating MIPs with hydrophilic groups by adding hydrophilic monomers at the end of the polymerization process is one way to avoid this behavior. This hydrophilic layer establishes hydrogen bonds with water, reducing the interference of the analyte-polymer complex from this solvent [77][78][79] Based on this, MIPs coated with hydrophilic groups have been developed by Santos et al for the extraction of oxprenolol from urine samples [80]. Glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA) and hydroxymethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were used to coat the MIP.…”

Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction Aiding the Analysis of Disease Biomarkers

“…[35] RAMIPs are MIPs able to exclude macromolecules and selectively retain low molecular weight analytes. RAMIPs are externally coated by a hydrophilic surface or proteins [35,36] capable of excluding macromolecules, whereas the analytes are internally captured by different mechanisms. [35,37] These characteristics allow the use of RAMIPs in the extraction of low molecular weight disease biomarkers from protein-rich liquid biological samples, such as human plasma and serum, without prior sample preparation or as few procedures as possible.…”

“…The RAMIPs were well explored in this paper, simplifying the sample preparation for only one step. We are sure that the use of RAMIPs is a strong tendency in biomarker analyses, because the biomarkers can be extracted from untreated biological samples in very simple procedures like column switching LC [36] (Figure 5) as well as in SPME. [77] The incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles is another important advantage, being possible carried out a d-SPE instead the conventional SPE in cartridge.…”

Magnetic restricted access carbon nanotubes for smooth Cu and Zn extraction from Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase

“…The proteins exclusion test was carried out according to the protocol described by Moraes et al [27]. A volume of 500 μL of a 44 g L −1 BSA aqueous solution was injected into the chromatographic system, without any columns.…”