A new tool measuring oral malodor quality of life

Kizhner, Victor; Xu, Daquan; Krespi, Yosef P.

doi:10.1007/s00405-011-1518-x

Cited by 33 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Halitosis associated life-quality test (HALT) questionnaire was developed to understand the effect of halitosis on quality of life (57). In addition, this method provides a comprehensive evaluation of the physical, social and psychological negative effects of halitosis (58).…”

Section: Halitosis Associated Life-quality Test Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, this method provides a comprehensive evaluation of the physical, social and psychological negative effects of halitosis (58). HALT was created with a Likert scale of 0-5; a higher score showed a worsening and a greater impact on an individual's quality of life (57). This questionnaire consists of 20 specific items and has a maximum score of 100.…”

Section: Halitosis Associated Life-quality Test Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

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Halitosis: A Review of Current Literature

Çoban¹,

Sönmez²

2017

meandros

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IntroductionMany patients consult a specialist physician regarding halitosis complaints (1,2). Halitosis which originates from latin halitus (breath) and greek suffix osis (pathological process) means bad breath in English (3). The history of sources related to halitosis is based on ancient Greek and Roman periods (4) ladanee (Mediterranean countries), parsley (Italy), carnivorous (Iraq), guava shell (Thailand) and egg shell (China) have been used in ancient times for halitosis treatment. Thus, halitosis emerges as a problem that occurs every century and occurs universally in both gender (5). Nachnani (6) indicates that more than 50% of the general population suffer from halitosis. If there are many sources causing halitosis, it is also due to 90% oral cavity such as tongue coat, poor oral hygiene, food impaction, periodontal disease, ÖzHalitozis terimi nefesten yayılan saldırgan veya nahoş kokuyu tarif eder. Halitozis fizyolojik nedenlerle ortaya çıkabileceği gibi patolojik ve psikolojik nedenlerle de oluşabilir. Bu nedenle halitozisin temelinde yatan faktörler doğru bir şekilde belirlenmeli ve hasta ilgili uzmana yönlendirilmelidir. Yanlış tanı ve tedaviyi önlemek için interdisipliner yaklaşımların halitozis için önemini vurgulamak gerekmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı halitozisin etiyolojisi, prevelansı, ölçüm metodları ve tedavisi hakkında bilgi vermektir.Halitosis is a term defining disagreeable or offensive odour spread from the breath. Halitosis may occur due to physiological reasons as well as pathological and psychological factor. Because of that, underlying factors of halitosis should correctly be diagnosed and the patient should be directed to the related physician. It is significant to highlight the necessity of an interdisciplinary method for the treatment of halitosis to prevent misdiagnosis or unnecessary treatment. The aim of this review is to report information about the etiology, prevalence, measurement methods and treatment of halitosis.

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Section: Halitosis Associated Life-quality Test Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Halitosis Associated Life-quality Test Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Halitosis: A Review of Current Literature

Çoban¹,

Sönmez²

2017

meandros

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“…HALT is easy to read as well as to fill out. It can be used as a single tool or combined with other tools for measuring therapeutic effectiveness and response [44].…”

Section: The Electronic Nosementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, an incorporation of a valid QOL tool in reporting halitosis treatment results will allow standardization of conclusions and improvement in the accuracy, with direct clinical relevance of treatment assessment. As no current quality of life (QOL) exists for measurement of halitosis, formulation of such a questionnaire can enable a measurement of subjective halitosis with change observed over time or with intervention [44].…”

Section: Treatment Of Oral Malodormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Malodor: A Common Oral Problem

Saini¹

2012

J Bioengineer & Biomedical Sci

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Oral malodor, also called halitosis or bad breath, is universally experienced condition that has a variety of etiologic factors. It is extremely common and majority of adult population have had it at some point in time. Halitosis may be physiological, pathological, and sometimes psychological also. Although numerous non-oral sites and many different causes have been correlated to bad breath, an estimated 80 percent to 90 percent of all bad breath odors originate from the mouth, and bacteria are directly responsible for most of the offensive gases. Specific groups of bacteria have been identified with the production of oral malodor, in particular, gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria. The unpleasant smell of breath mainly originates from volatile sulfide compounds (VSCs), especially hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), methylmercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethylsulfide [(CH 3 ) 2 S] result from the proteolytic degradation of peptides present in saliva, shed epithelium, food debris and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of oral malodor and gives a brief description of Halitosis Associated Life-quality Test (HALT) questionnaire, a specific 20-item quality-of-life measure for halitosis. The tongue plaque coatingResearch suggests that the tongue is the primary site in the production of oral malodor. The dorsoposterior surface of the tongue has been identified as the principal location for the intraoral generation of VSCs [12]. A variety of index systems for tongue coating has been developed over the years. Miyazaki et al divides the tongue into three sections and the presence or absence of tongue coating is registered as follows: Score 0 = none visible, Score 1 = less than one third of tongue dorsum is covered, Score 2 = between one and two thirds, Score 3 = more than two thirds [13]. Winkel et al divides the tongue into six sections, three in the posterior and three in the anterior part of the tongue. Each sextant is categorized as: Score 0 = no coating present, Score 1 = presence of a light coating, Score 2 = presence of a distinct coating. The resulting Winkel tongue coating index (WTCI) is obtained by adding all six scores (Figure 1) [14].

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