“…The electrode's shape, size, and position in the channel produce a nonuniform electric field gradient [59]. Metals, for instance, gold (Au), silver (Ag), chromium (Cr), platinum (Pt), and titanium (Ti), are commonly used to implement electrode geometries [60][61][62]. Which includes planar [63,64], interdigitated [65,66], quadrupole [3], tapered [45,[67][68][69][70][71][72][73], rectangular [74], curved [75], and spiral electrodes [4,35].…”