“…The typical locking treatment approaches, which may not be restricted to solid-shell elements, include assumed natural strains (ANS), 18,19 enhanced assumed strain (EAS), 20 discrete strain gap (DSG), 21 B-method, [22][23][24][25] mixed formulations, 22,[26][27][28] selective/reduced integration, 26,[29][30][31] and projection techniques based on the moving least square (MLS). 32 Extensive literatures have reported that shells are studied by kinds of numerical methods: the finite element method (FEM), [33][34][35] the meshfree method, [36][37][38][39] and analytical 40,41 or semianalytical 42,43 methods and so forth. Apart from these, the approach of isogeometric analysis (IGA) introduced by Hughes et al 44 has also been frequently adopted in the analysis of laminated shells.…”