A novel and highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye via surface modified polyacrylonitrile nanofibers/biogenic silica composite nanofibers

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“…The structural parameters values of CDC were estimated using the XRD data of the most intense peaks. The calculated values of lattice constant (a=b=c), the crystallite size (D), unit cell volume (Vcell), the X-ray density (ρXRD) and the specific surface area (SXRD) were found to be 5.3050 ±0.0348 Å, 14.08±6.00 nm, 149.31±2.94 Å 3 , 6.76 g/cm 3 and 63.04 m 2 /g, respectively. Moreover, the specific surface area is an important parameter which can affect the material's properties such as photochemical efficiency, physical property and chemical reactivity [32].…”

“…This observed decrease in the percentage degradation might be due the fact that, increasing the photocatalyst amount will result in increasing the turbidity of the suspension and leading to a reduction in the penetration of UV light as a result of light scattering effect [41,42]. Table 1 represents the percentage degradation of MG using different photocatalyst materials [3,36,[43][44][45]. As can be seen from the table, the proposed material (CDC) seems to be promising photocatalyst and can be used for the degredation of very toxic dyes.…”

“…Water pollution by synthetic dyes has become one of the greatest worldwide environmental issues as they pose a considerable threat to both human health and aquatic life [1]. Malachite green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane dye, has found widespread applications as colouring agent in various industries including; textile (such as silk and wool), food, paper, and leather [2,3]. It has also been used for the production of ceramics, defend against bacterial infections, and treating scratches on fish bodies in agricultural industry [3].…”

“…Malachite green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane dye, has found widespread applications as colouring agent in various industries including; textile (such as silk and wool), food, paper, and leather [2,3]. It has also been used for the production of ceramics, defend against bacterial infections, and treating scratches on fish bodies in agricultural industry [3]. However, it has been reported that this dye is highly toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and persistent [2].…”

“…Over the last few years, various techniques have been developed to eliminate organic dyes from water environments including, coagulation-sedimentation [4], membrane filtration [5], photocatalysis [6,7], and adsorption [8][9][10]. Among these methods, photodegradation is attracted much attention because it has the ability to decompose and convert a wide range of dangerous contaminants including organic and inorganic compounds into safe by-products [3,11]. In addition, photocatalysis on the surfaces of semiconductors is regarded as one of the efficient and green solutions for solving serious environmental issues [12][13][14].…”