A Novel Approach to Formulation of Emulsified Acid Using Waste Oil

Sidaoui, Ziad; Sultan, Abdullah S.; Brady, Dominic

doi:10.2118/188116-ms

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The composition of the waste oil and detailed analysis is given elsewhere (see Figure 5.1 of Sidaoui [45]). The phase separated volume (in Figures 8(a)-8(c)) is calculated as a percentage of the phase (i.e., emulsion, water, and oleic) total volume.…”

Section: Effect Of the Oleic Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Surfactant Structure on the Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions under High-Temperature High-Salinity Conditions

Mohamed

Sultan

Hussein

et al. 2017

Journal of Chemistry

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Emulsified water-in-oil (W/O) systems are extensively used in the oil industry for water control and acid stimulation. Emulsifiers are commonly utilized to emulsify a water-soluble material to form W/O emulsion. The selection of a particular surfactant for such jobs is critical and certainly expensive. In this work, the impact of surfactant structure on the stability of W/O emulsions is investigated using the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the surfactant. Different commercial surfactants were evaluated for use as emulsifiers for W/O systems at high-temperature (up to 120 ∘ C) high-salinity (221,673 ppm) HTHS conditions. Diverse surfactants were examined including ethoxylates, polyethylene glycols, fluorinated surfactants, and amides. Both commercial Diesel and waste oil are used for the oleic phase to prepare the emulsified system. Waste oil has shown higher stability (less separation) in comparison with Diesel. This work has successfully identified stable emulsified W/O systems that can tolerate HTHS environments using HLB approach. Amine Acetate family shows higher stability in comparison with Glycol Ether family and at even lower concentration. New insights into structure-surfactant stability relationship, beyond the HLB approach, are provided for surfactant selection.

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Section: Effect Of the Oleic Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Surfactant Structure on the Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions under High-Temperature High-Salinity Conditions

Mohamed

Sultan

Hussein

et al. 2017

Journal of Chemistry

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“…To some extent, this issues have been looked into by utilizing some alternatives, such as the use of alkyl alcohol, waste oil, and proposed use of triglyceride oil instead of diesel, or by coming up with and adapting substitutes or ways of minimizing the toxicity level of hydrochloric acid, as well as use of nonionic surfactants and pickering agents instead of ionic surfactants. ,, These developmental endeavors can make the emulsified acid technically, economically, and environmentally feasible for implementation during the current scenario, which demands the deployment of inexpensive and ecofriendly solutions.…”

Section: Future Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Use of Emulsified Acids for Matrix Acidizing in Carbonate Reservoirs

Yousufi,

Mohyaldinn Elhaj,

Dzulkarnain

2024

ACS Omega

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Almost 60% of oil and 40% of gas reserves worldwide are contained in carbonate reservoirs where acidizing stimulation is more challenging compared to sandstone reservoirs. Utilization of emulsified acids in matrix acidizing operations has been the most effective technique for more than half a century. This is due to the colloidal system's ability to generate deep, narrow conduits toward production zones under controlled retarded reactivity with the rock surface, along with the excellent sweep efficiency and corrosion inhibition of the well equipment. This Review attempts to review the various kinds of emulsified acids that are used for matrix acidizing of carbonate formations. The Review is trying to trace the innovations that have, gradually, been applied for enhancing the performance of emulsified acids for a variety of conditions, their limitations, and the developmental solutions such hybrid emulsifiers and pickering emulsions. In addition, the Review also discusses the parameters, characteristics, and measuring techniques required for the successful synthesis of a stable and quality emulsion while considering the environmental concerns raised toward the application of an emulsified acid system. From the reviewed publications, it can be summarized that macroemulsions are best suited for matrix acidizing applications over microemulsions due to low emulsifier concentrations and high acid volume retention; similarly, water in oil emulsions provide better retardation in a comparison to oil in water emulsions. The small droplet size of the emulsion yields high viscosity and stability. The compositional balance between each component present in the acidizing system is a crucial factor for optimum performance. Moreover, for future practice, much focus is required to design emulsified acids as ecofriendly systems that can leave the least amount of toxicity during and after implementation.

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“…(2017 and 2016) 30,31 Utilization of waste oil as the external phase of a 70:30 acid/oil ratio with 15% HCl in an EAS. The developed HCl−waste oil EAS demonstrated shear-thinning behavior, exhibiting favorable rheological properties…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Environmentally Friendly Nanomaterials for Drag Reduction of the Emulsified Acid System

AL-Dogail,

Gajbhiye,

Solling

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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Matrix acidizing is a technique that is widely used in the petroleum industry to remove scales and create channels in the rock. Removal of scales and creation of channels (wormhole) enhance productivity. Conventional acidizing fluids, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) for carbonate and a mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and HCl acid, are used for the matrix acidizing process. However, these fluids have some drawbacks, including strong acid strength, corrosion at high temperatures, and quick reactions with scale and particles. Emulsified acid systems (EASs) are used to address these drawbacks. EASs can create deeper and narrower wormholes by reducing the reaction rate of the acid due to the external oil phase. However, EASs have a much higher viscosity compared to conventional acidizing fluids. The high viscosity of EASs leads to a high drag that restricts pumping rates and consumes energy. This study aims to utilize environmentally friendly and widely available nanomaterials as drag-reducing agents (DRAs) of the EAS. The nanomaterials used in this study are carbon nanodots (CNDs). CNDs have unique properties and are used in diverse applications in different industries. The size of these CNDs is usually smaller than 10 nm. CNDs are characterized by their biocompatibility and chemical stability. This study investigates the use of CNDs as DRAs for EAS. Several experiments have been conducted to investigate the CNDs as a DRA for the EAS. The developed EAS was initially tested for conductivity and drop-test analysis to ensure the formation of an inverted emulsion. Thereafter, the thermal stability for the range of temperatures and the rheological properties of the EAS were evaluated to meet the criteria of field operation. Then flow experiments with EASs were conducted before and after adding the CNDs to investigate the efficacy of drag reduction of EASs. The results revealed that CNDs can be used as viscosity reducers for the EAS, where adding the CNDs to the EAS reduces the viscosity at two different HCl concentrations (15 and 20%). It reduces the viscosity of the EAS in the presence of corrosion inhibitors as well as other additives to the EAS, showing its compatibility with the field formulation. The drag reduction was observed at the range of temperatures investigated in the study. The conductivity, stability, and rheology experiments for the sample taken after the flow experiment are consistent, ensuring CNDs work as a DRA. The developed EAS with CNDs is robust in terms of field mixing procedures and thermally stable. The CNDs can be used as a DRA with EAS, which will reduce drag in pipes, increasing pumping rates and saving energy.

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A Novel Approach to Formulation of Emulsified Acid Using Waste Oil

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

Influence of Surfactant Structure on the Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions under High-Temperature High-Salinity Conditions

Influence of Surfactant Structure on the Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions under High-Temperature High-Salinity Conditions

A Review on Use of Emulsified Acids for Matrix Acidizing in Carbonate Reservoirs

Novel Environmentally Friendly Nanomaterials for Drag Reduction of the Emulsified Acid System

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