“…It is observed that the highest percentage of hydrogen in the reducing gas is obtained at 650°C. 21 4 GC analysis of high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal at 650°C 5 Syngas mixture of high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal at different temperatures…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…That CO gas helps in better reduction of the agglomerated iron ore nuggets. 21 7 XRD pattern of the carbon soot generated from the pyrolysis of high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal at 650°C 8 FESEM micro photograph of the carbon soot at different magnifications a 200 nm and b 500 nm…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The details of the furnace designed for coal devolatisation process are published in Biswas et al . 21…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is observed that the highest percentage of hydrogen in the reducing gas is obtained at 650°C. 21 So it can be inferred, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane percentage of the reducing gas increases with temperature.…”
Section: Tga/dta Analysis Of High-ash High-volatile Lignite Coalmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This may be occurring due to soot formation or mild oxidation by the trace amount of oxygen present in nitrogen which is used as a shielding gas in the experiment. 21 GC analysis of high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal…”
Section: Tga/dta Analysis Of High-ash High-volatile Lignite Coalmentioning
High-quality coking coals all over the world are gradually approaching extinction. These days, steel industries are trying to focus more on the utilisation of non-coking grades of coal. The present work involving high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal can be used indirectly in iron-making processes. Direct use is not possible due to low amount of carbon and high value of ash. High ash content leads to huge sulphur content, and this leads to high cost involvement in secondary processes. On the other hand, huge amount of iron ore fines are generated during mechanised mining, sizing, screening, transportation, beneficiation and sintering processes. Iron ore nuggets are formed from inferior quality iron ore fines using suitable binders with the applied pressure. Mechanical properties of iron ore nuggets are also assessed through shatter and abrasion test. A furnace was designed, to indirectly utilise high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal, for pre-reduction iron ore nuggets. Iron ore nuggets were partly reduced by CO, H 2 and fine carbon produced from volatilisation of coal. Optimized pre-reduced nuggets, having high mechanical stability was directly charge in the raising hearth furnace for pig iron production.
“…It is observed that the highest percentage of hydrogen in the reducing gas is obtained at 650°C. 21 4 GC analysis of high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal at 650°C 5 Syngas mixture of high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal at different temperatures…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…That CO gas helps in better reduction of the agglomerated iron ore nuggets. 21 7 XRD pattern of the carbon soot generated from the pyrolysis of high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal at 650°C 8 FESEM micro photograph of the carbon soot at different magnifications a 200 nm and b 500 nm…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The details of the furnace designed for coal devolatisation process are published in Biswas et al . 21…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is observed that the highest percentage of hydrogen in the reducing gas is obtained at 650°C. 21 So it can be inferred, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane percentage of the reducing gas increases with temperature.…”
Section: Tga/dta Analysis Of High-ash High-volatile Lignite Coalmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This may be occurring due to soot formation or mild oxidation by the trace amount of oxygen present in nitrogen which is used as a shielding gas in the experiment. 21 GC analysis of high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal…”
Section: Tga/dta Analysis Of High-ash High-volatile Lignite Coalmentioning
High-quality coking coals all over the world are gradually approaching extinction. These days, steel industries are trying to focus more on the utilisation of non-coking grades of coal. The present work involving high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal can be used indirectly in iron-making processes. Direct use is not possible due to low amount of carbon and high value of ash. High ash content leads to huge sulphur content, and this leads to high cost involvement in secondary processes. On the other hand, huge amount of iron ore fines are generated during mechanised mining, sizing, screening, transportation, beneficiation and sintering processes. Iron ore nuggets are formed from inferior quality iron ore fines using suitable binders with the applied pressure. Mechanical properties of iron ore nuggets are also assessed through shatter and abrasion test. A furnace was designed, to indirectly utilise high-ash, high-volatile lignite coal, for pre-reduction iron ore nuggets. Iron ore nuggets were partly reduced by CO, H 2 and fine carbon produced from volatilisation of coal. Optimized pre-reduced nuggets, having high mechanical stability was directly charge in the raising hearth furnace for pig iron production.
Fuel cell has two essential problems, its cost and the durability, which hinder its commercialization. Platinum is the ideal catalyst that has high activity, stability and selectivity but has high cost. An attempt has been done to find a cheaper catalyst instead of platinum. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via sol-gel method using zinc acetate and citric acid in basic media with different calcination temperatures (420, 520 and 620 °C). From X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, the calculated particles size is 7.7, 15.6 and 19.3 nm as the calcination temperature of 420, 520 and 620°C, respectively, indicating that the particles size increases with increasing the calcination temperature. Different concentrations (5 and 10 wt.%) of ZnO nanoparticles with 10 wt.% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared and calcinated at 750 °C to get carbon/ZnO as a catalyst for fuel cell applications. A carbon core-shell surrounding by mono-disperse ZnO nanoparticles with large surface area that required for the new catalyst with believable morphology was shown by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Also, XRD presents high purity of the new composite with uniformly distinguishable peaks. Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows the change in the carbon/ZnO nanoparticles spectra due to ZnO characteristic vibration band at 440-460 cm−1. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) exhibits a good promising catalytic activity and current density with oxidation behaviour is reported. Finally, ZnO used to enhance carbon electrochemically performance as a result of a novel non-precious catalyst.
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