A novel energy-aware routing protocol in intermittently connected delay-tolerant wireless sensor networks

Abstract

In delay-tolerant wireless sensor networks, messages for sensor data are delivered using opportunistic contacts between intermittently connected nodes. Since there is no stable end-to-end routing path like the Internet and mobile nodes operate on battery, an energy-efficient routing protocol is needed. In this article, we consider the probabilistic routing protocol using history of encounters and transitivity protocol as the base protocol. Then, we propose an energy-aware routing protocol in intermittently connected delay-tolerant wireless sensor networks, where messages are forwarded based on the node's remaining battery, delivery predictability, and type of nodes. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with that of probabilistic routing protocol using history of encounters and transitivity and probabilistic routing protocol using history of encounters and transitivity with periodic sleep in detail, from the aspects of delivery ratio, overhead ratio, delivery latency, and ratio of alive nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has better delivery probability, overhead ratio, and ratio of alive nodes, in most of the considered parameter settings, in spite of a small increase in delivery latency.

Current State of Multicast Routing Protocols for Disruption Tolerant Networks: Survey and Open Issues

“…These algorithms are not feasible in resource-constrained IoT environments, since energy is a vital resource to ensure network availability. Kang and Chung [65] devised an energy-aware routing protocol based on PRoPHET in delay-tolerant WSNs. They considered a disaster-related scenario consisting of pedestrians, cars, and trams as mobile nodes to store-carry-forward emergency messages and self-generated sensor data to a static sink node.…”

Improved Network Lifetime in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks using Adaptive Algorithms

“…In application based networks such as Delay-tolerant WSN, Simulation results of the work proposed by [11], shows that the proposed protocol i.e. novel energy aware routing using DSR has better ratio of alive nodes, overhead ratio, and finally good delivery probability in most of the considered parameter.…”

An Improved Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Intermittently Connected Delay Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Studies on delay tolerant wireless sensor networks have been carried out recently [16][17][18][19][20][21]. In [16], sensor networks are deployed for wildlife habitat monitoring, and sensor data are gathered by data mule such as automobile and helicopter.…”

“…In [20], delay tolerant wireless sensor networks are used to monitor river pollution, where several sensor clusters with floating transmitters are used to forward messages to a gateway located at the riverbank opportunistically. In [21], an energy-aware routing protocol in intermittently connected delay tolerant wireless sensor networks was proposed, where messages are forwarded based on the node's remaining battery, delivery predictability, and type of nodes.…”

“…In these studies [16][17][18][19][20][21], most proposed routing protocols for delay tolerant wireless sensor networks use currently developed basic delay tolerant networks protocols, and wireless sensor networks are considered as an application area for applying the delay tolerant networks protocol using opportunistic contacts. erefore, there is still room for performance enhancement for delay tolerant wireless sensor networks.…”