A novel heterogeneous catalyst synthesis from agrowastes mixture and application in transesterification of yellow oleander-rubber oil: Optimization by Taguchi approach

Agricultural Waste-Based Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel: A Ranking Study via the VIKOR Method

“…K content of 45.16% was revealed from the catalyst characterization along with a low surface area of 1.10 m 2 g −1 . Falowo and Betiku [186] also studied the preparation of a International Journal of Energy Research heterogeneous catalyst from kola nut, cocoa, and fluted pumpkin waste and utilized it in the transesterification of an oil blend of rubber and yellow oleander. The catalytic activity was reported due to an abundant concentration of potassium (48.4%).…”

“…The low amount of potassium as carbonate in the Musa paradisiaca peel [106] catalyst may be the reason for the lower catalytic activity compared to the plantain peel catalyst [185]. With a slightly higher catalyst loading of 1.5%, the catalyst derived from the mixture of kola nut, cocoa, and pumpkin waste [186] completed the transesterification in 40 min at a 55 °C reaction temperature. With a similar catalyst loading of 1.5%, the Musa acuminata peel [188] completed the transesterification in 120 min at 60 °C (Table 2).…”

“…With a similar catalyst loading of 1.5%, the Musa acuminata peel [188] completed the transesterification in 120 min at 60 °C (Table 2). The comparatively less efficiency in the catalytic activity of the Musa acuminata peel [188] may also be due to the lower potassium content in the form of carbonate in comparison to the catalyst derived from the mixture of cocoa, kola nut, and pumpkin waste [186]. Thus, it can be clearly stated from Tables 1 and 2 that the presence of a good concentration of K in the form of carbonate or oxide in the catalysts produced from agrowastes is the main constituent for the effective catalyst in the base-catalyzed biodiesel production.…”

Esterification of fluorinated aromatic carboxylic acids with methanol by using UiO-66-NH2 as a heterogeneous catalyst and process optimization by the Taguchi method

“…It has already been reported as an optimization technique in many catalytic reactions. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] This is because it mathematically eliminates many unnecessary parameter combinations and proposes only a certain number of signicant runs sufficient to predict the optimal response. 19 In this study, UiO-66-NH 2 was synthesized by using optimum conditions as per available methods in the literature and characterized by different techniques like XRD, FESEM with EDAX, FTIR, and BET to conrm its successful preparation.…”

“…It has already been reported as an optimization technique in many catalytic reactions. 15–25 This is because it mathematically eliminates many unnecessary parameter combinations and proposes only a certain number of significant runs sufficient to predict the optimal response. 19…”