A Novel Message-Preserving Scheme with Format-Preserving Encryption for Connected Cars in Multi-Access Edge Computing

Abstract

In connected cars with various electronic control unit (ECU) modules, Ethernet is used to communicate data received by the sensor in real time, but it is partially used alongside a controller area network (CAN) due to the cost. There are security threats in the CAN, such as replay attacks and denial-of-service attacks, which can disrupt the driver or cause serious damage, such as a car accident through malicious manipulation. Although several secure protocols for protecting CAN messages have been proposed, they carry limitations, such as combining additional elements for security or modifying CAN messages with a limited length. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method for encrypting the data frame, including real data in the CAN message structure, using format-preserving encryption (FPE), which ensures that the plaintext and ciphertext have the same format and length. In this way, block ciphers such as AES-128 must be divided into two or three blocks, but FPE can be processed simultaneously by encrypting them according to the CAN message format, thus providing better security against denial-of-service attacks. Based on the 150 ms CAN message, a normal message was received from a malicious message injection of 180 ms or more for AES-128 and a malicious message injection of 100 ms or more for FPE. Finally, based on the proposed scheme, a CAN transmission environment is constructed for analyzing the encryption/decryption rate and the process of transmitting and processing the encrypted message for connected cars in multi-access edge computing (MEC). This scheme is compared with other algorithms to verify that it can be used in a real environment.

A New Method for Format Preserving Encryption in High-Data Rate Communications

“…Finally, by substituting the expression of the term ADV PRF F K _MOD (A) in equation (14) it is possible to derive (3) which proves Theorem 2. For clarity purposes, proofs of Lemmas 1, 2 and 3 are given in the Appendices C, D and E using the games definitions of Table 1.…”

“…Some application examples for FPE are the encryption of databases with an arbitrary format [6], [10]- [12] such as PANs (Primary Account Numbers) or SSNs (Social Security Numbers), which are not in binary format. Also, FPE can be used in communication systems when it is necessary to encrypt certain protocols, for example, in military or industrial environments [13], [14], or when encrypting some image formats [15].…”

“…Regarding the performance of FPE encryption methods, some studies have been done, however they are mainly related to software implementations [14], [16]- [18]. For performance benefits, a hardware implementation could be considered as in [13], [19] or [20].…”

New Text Steganography Technique based on Multilayer Encoding with Format-Preserving Encryption and Huffman Coding

“…The encryption of data with changeable forms, such as Primary Account Numbers (PANs) or Social Security Numbers (SSNs) that are not in binary format, is an example of a practical use of FPE [26] [27]. FPE can also be used in communication systems when it's crucial to encrypt specific protocols, such as in industry or the military or when encrypting particular image formats [28]. The present study focuses on the concept of using formatpreserving encryption FF1 mode.…”