A novel method for the nondestructive classification of different‐age Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium based on data combination technique

Abstract

The quality of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) is closely correlated with the aging time. However, CRPs in different storage ages are similar in appearance, and the young CRP may be labeled as the aged one to obtain the excess profit by some unscrupulous traders. Most traditional analysis methods are laborious and time‐consuming, and they can hardly realize the nondestructive classification. In this paper, a novel method based on near‐infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRDRS) and data combination technique for the nondestructive classification of different‐age CRPs was proposed. The CRPs in different storage ages (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years) were measured. The near‐infrared spectra of outer skin and inner capsule were obtained. Principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), and Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (FLD), with different data pretreatment methods, were used for the classification analysis. Data combination of the outer skin and inner capsule spectra was discussed for further improving the classification results. The results show that multiple sensors provide more useful and complementary information than a single sensor does for improving the prediction accuracy. With the help of data combination strategy, 100% prediction accuracy can be obtained with both second‐order derivative–FLD and continuous wavelet transform–multiplicative scatter correction–FLD methods.

Application of flash GC e-nose and FT-NIR combined with deep learning algorithm in preventing age fraud and quality evaluation of pericarpium citri reticulatae

“…In this step, we collected the NIR spectra of the external skin and internal capsule of PCRs respectively. Using Antaris II FT-NIR spectrometer (Seamer Fisher Technology, USA) to collect spectral information of samples in diffuse reflection mode ( Li et al, 2021 ). Three points were randomly selected from the external skin and internal capsule of each sample, and the average value of three measurements was taken as the original spectrum.…”

Research on Citrus Fruit Freshness Detection Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

“…Currently, analysis of the chemical composition and internal structural details of citrus can be performed using chromatographic techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with different detectors (Pinheiro-SantAna et al, 2019;Zhao et al, 2019) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Schmutzer et al, 2016;Lin et al, 2021). However, these chromatographic methods require complicated sample preparation and expensive equipment, while lacking the ability to perform non-destructive characterisation.…”

Evaluation of chemical components and quality in Xinhui Chenpi (Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’) with two different storage times by GC–MS and UPLC

“…The Variorum of the Classic of Materia Medica ( běn cǎo jīng jí zhù ), an ancient medical text, noted that ‘the older, the better’, implying that the therapeutic effect of CRP is linked to its storage year. Research has extensively explored the changes in flavonoids and phenolic acids during the aging process of CRP due to their significant bioactivity and easy measurability (Li et al., 2021 ; Luo et al., 2019 ; Wang et al., 2018 ; Yang et al., 2021 ). Phenolic acids and flavonoids like hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangerine have been identified as key components that increase CP during aging, leading to enhanced antioxidant activity (Bian et al., 2022 ).…”

“…The Variorum of the Classic of Materia Medica (běn cǎo jīng jí zhù), an ancient medical text, noted that 'the older, the better', implying that the therapeutic effect of CRP is linked to its storage year. Research has extensively explored the changes in flavonoids and phenolic acids during the aging process of CRP due to their significant bioactivity and easy measurability (Li et al, 2021;Luo et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2021).…”