A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks

Abstract

Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.

Secure quantum key distribution system by applying decoy states protocol

“…In addition, the key secret key is very weak with current technology [13], [14]. Also, measurement device independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD), allows removing any presumption of confidence from the measuring device, which can be said that the weakest part of QKD realizations [15]- [18].…”

Pedestrian mobility management for heterogeneous networks

“…Many regulatory agencies around the world have investigated the problems of spectrum scarcity [1]- [5], showing that the demand for spectrum will increase significantly, and pointing out that the major problem is not an insufficient spectrum, but inefficient use of spectrum. On the other hand, to ensure seamless connectivity and access to ubiquitous mobile services, switching from one network to another, is done through an efficient handover mechanism [6]- [13]. In a heterogeneous environment [4], [8], [10], [13]- [18] involving several static and dynamic parameters, the network selection decision is a critical component and represents a difficult task to make the handover decision for any mobile user.…”