“…Quite a few challenges still remain before its commercialization, including cost, performance and 22 long-term stability. So far, various strategies are carried out to develop the low-cost, stable, and particularly highly efficient materials for different parts of DSSC, including the molecular engineering of novel dye sensitizers [126][127][128][129][130], the development of new redox shuttles [131][132][133][134][135][136], the construction of porous TiO 2 [137][138][139][140], and the search for low-cost, highly stable and catalytic CE materials [22,41,58,141]. Among the strategies for exploring new Pt-free CE materials, the family of carbon CE materials has become one of hot issues in photovoltaic research due to their low cost, anti-corrosion and high catalytic activity.…”