A novel route for synthesis of cross-linked polystyrene copolymer beads with tunable porosity using guar and xanthan gums from bioresources as alternative synthetic suspension stabilizers

Abstract

Cross-linked polymer beads with different cross-linking agent loading were prepared by carrying out cross-linking suspension copolymerization of styrene-divinylbenzene (St- DVB) monomers using guar gum (GG) and xanthan gum (XG) from bioresources as eco-friendly suspension biopolymer stabilizers in the presence of non reactive diluents. The effects of GG and XG as suspension biostabilizers on the characteristics of the styrene copolymer beads were investigated regarding thermal properties, porosity characteristics, solvent swelling ratio, and surface morphologies using TGA, DSC, XRD, SEM, BET analyses. Spherical and regular beads with smooth surface were produced and the average particle size was in the range 170–290 μm (50–80 mesh size). The porosity characteristics of the produced beads including surface area and pore volume were in range 0.45 m2/g and 32–45 ml/g, respectively. Overall, the present article provided a novel route to prepare cross-linked polystyrene copolymer beads with tunable porosity suitable for catalyst support.

Poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)‐supported ferric chloride: An effective reusable heterogeneous catalyst for one‐pot synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones/thiones via three‐component Biginelli reaction

“…Finally, the resultant light brown-colored solid was dried in an air circulating oven until constant weight (The yield based on the amount of Fe in the catalyst determined by ICP and Mohr titration method). The chlorine content (wt%) in the PNVP/FeCl 3 sample was estimated after complete transformation of the chlorine elements into chloride ions by the Mohr titration method [58][59][60][61][62], and the amount of FeCl 3 complexed with PNVP carrier was calculated to be 4.21 mmol/g complex bead (see Data S1). The Fe content in the complex was determined using an ICP spectrometer to be 4.38 mmol/g of the complex, which results from two methods are well matched (see Data S1).…”

“…In this contribution, as part of our ongoing investigations on the design of functional polymer as a carrier such as cross-linked polystyrene and the fabrication of macromolecular solid acid catalysts and applications of efficient heterogeneous catalyst in organic synthesis [58][59][60][61][62], and to improve our ongoing work, we report herein ferric chloride immobilized on lightly cross-linked poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) as a new class recyclable polymeric Lewis acid catalyst for the cleaner three-component Biginelli reaction in ethanol consisting of an aldehyde, β-ketoester, and urea/thiourea to provide 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)ones/thiones with much safer and more convenient handling than the unsupported analogue while reducing waste and the possibility of its recycling was evaluated (Scheme 1). The important feature of this practice is that compared with polystyrene, poly(styrene-co-polyvinylpyridine), and poly(4-vinylpyridine) analogues reported in the literature, ferric chloride loading on MBAcross-linked PNVP is the most [63][64][65][66].…”

Fabrication of methyl methacrylate-based polymer particles by miniemulsion and combined miniemulsion/emulsion polymerization using an atomization apparatus

“…3a, it is possible to observe the small angle formed between the stabilizer concentration and particle size, which indicates that this variable positively affects the response. The absence of stabilizer can lead to excessive droplet coalescence, which leads to the formation of products with undesirable size (Rahmatpour et al 2018). The increase of the monomer flow rate caused the reduction of particle size during miniemulsion polymerization.…”

Porous Crosslinked Zwitterionic Microparticles Based on Glycidyl Methacrylate and N-Vinylimidazole as Possible Drug Delivery Systems

“…Porous materials as spherical particles have received a lot of attention lately for the numerous directions in which they can be used, such as in catalytic reactions, separation processes, consumer products (such as water softeners), biomedical devices, coating additives and controlled drug release systems [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. As a polymer matrix, both natural [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] and synthetic polymers [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ] can be used for the synthesis of porous microparticles. Among the wide variety of porous microparticles, those with zwitterionic structure allow enhancement of adsorption processes to achieve improved performance in drug delivery applications due to their good biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low immunogenicity, antimicrobial activity and antifouling activity [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”