“…After several years of exploration and development, the cloud model has become completer and more universal ( Wang, Li & Yang, 2019 ). The cloud model has been successfully applied and developed in many fields, such as in the statistical representation of engineering parameters ( Chen et al, 2020 ; Luo et al, 2022 ), system evaluation and decision-making ( Tong & Srivastava, 2022 ; Su & Yu, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2020 ), data mining ( Shehab, Badawy & Ali, 2022 ; Zarinbal, Zarandi & Turksen, 2014 ), image processing ( Li, Li & Du, 2018 ; Tversky & Kahneman, 1992 ), and decision making problems ( Yu et al, 2021 ; Wang, Huang & Cai, 2020 ; Zhou, Chen & Ming, 2022 ). It should be noted that the practical applications of cloud model theory (such as data mining and decision analysis) all involve the similarity measurement ( Zhang, Zhao & Li, 2004 ).…”