A Novel Zero-Watermarking Scheme for Text Document Authentication

Abstract

The demand for copyright protection of text documents is extremely vital especially when the text is transmitted over the Internet. One of the best practical resolutions to maintain the security of document media is digital watermarking. Several approaches have been proposed to guarantee the safety and protection of the documents against dishonest copying and distribution. This paper suggests an innovative zero-watermarking scheme for the purpose of authentication and tamper detection in simple text documents. The algorithm generates a watermark based on the effective characters of the text contents which can be extracted later using extraction algorithm to identify the status of tampering in the text document. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm against random tampering attacks. Watermark pattern matching and watermark distortion rate are used as evaluation parameters on multiple text samples of varying length.

Text Data Security and Privacy in the Internet of Things: Threats, Challenges, and Future Directions

“…Many techniques have been proposed in the last two decades, for hiding information in terms of steganography and text watermarking for copyright protection [29], authentication, copy control [30], ownership verification [31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. e main contributions of this study are listed as follows:…”

A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

“…In case of text processing, watermarking techniques are divided into two main categories, linguistic and structural. The linguistic technique concerns with the special features of the text content that can be changed in a specific language, and moreover, the structural technique concerns with the layout or format of the cover text that can be modified [6,18], although some researchers have classified the text watermarking techniques based on the features of methods such as robust, fragile, invisible, and visible [10,55].…”

“…In this case, text watermarking can be used as a fragile tool for tamper proofing of the watermarked texts against attacks. In general, a fragile watermark is embedded into text documents, and if any type of alterations has been made, then it fails to detect the watermark [6,18].…”

“…In other words, watermarking aims to protect intellectual property of digital media against unauthorized copy or access by embedding a watermark (visible or invisible) in the cove media which can remain beside the data, and it can be used whenever there is any query about the originality of media (e.g., the hidden watermark refers to the original owner) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Over the last two decades, many information hiding techniques have been proposed in terms of text watermarking and text steganography for copyright protection [11][12][13][14], proof of ownership [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], and copy control and authentication [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Although the aim of steganography is different, it also can be used for the copyright protection of digital texts like watermarking.…”

Concise analysis of current text automation and watermarking approaches

“…Digital text watermarking is a process to enter a digital watermark deeply into a digital text and keep some information about the text owner. The main objectives of a text watermarking algorithm is of binary nature, the difference between foreground and background, word patterning, text meaning, fluency, author writing style, and language rules, and it should be addressed . Whenever copyright protection is embedded in a text, its communication is secured.…”