A particulate blood analogue based on artificial viscoelastic blood plasma and RBC-like microparticles at a concentration matching the human haematocrit

Abstract

There has been an enormous interest in the production of fluids with rheological properties similar to those of real blood over the last years. Application fields range from Biomicrofluidics (microscale)...

Alginate/xanthan gum hydrogels as forensic blood substitutes for bloodstain formation and analysis

“…9). The stability of the properties of our material over the course of 12 weeks has a comparable shelf-life to other synthetic blood materials 18 and can be stored at room temperature – enhancing its accessibility. The surface tension of the FBS did rise over the tested time interval but was shown to decrease again at 4 weeks (Table 3).…”

“…; 3,12 aqueous Acrysol and dye material; 13 silicon solution-gelation (sol-gel) materials; 14,15 hyaluronate and amino acid containing materials; 16 to emulsion-based materials using styrene and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 17 or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microparticles. 18 The available commercial blood materials have limited rheological properties and bloodstain features in comparison to human blood, 15,16 limiting their use in BPA research and training. Recent FBS research describes materials that contain multi-functional and/or multi-component structures.…”

“…20 Other work has developed a material that contains amino acids, bovine serum albumin, bovine hemoglobin and potassium ferricyanide to create materials that can simulate drip stains, and suggest functional materials that can react with luminol. 16 Most recently, a particle-based blood simulant was designed that contains a similar particle amount to that of human packed cell volume (PCV%) 18 and addresses the identified value of red blood cell (RBC) deformability in blood spreading and splashing. 21 In BPA, it is important to understand the spreading and splashing of blood when in contact with a variety of target surfaces in different environments.…”

Microfluidic dual picoinjection based encapsulation of hemoglobin in alginate microcapsules reinforced by a poly(l-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol)

“…55 Although the Hb concentration is lower than the normal physiological range (around 16 g dL À1 ), the obtained Hb content in the present workflow is in the same range as the Hb content of 4.2 g dL À1 reported for Hb conjugated to PEG of the MP4 oxygen carrier product. 56 Further development of our proof-of-concept process to develop a RBC substitute should expand on the stability of the components beyond the one-week initial tests included here and tuning of mechanical properties to accommodate rheological properties mimicking whole blood 57,58 and support of circulation times as well as testing of biocompatible properties. More specific, the Ca-alginate materials are obtainable with different mechanical moduli by the selection of alginate molecular mass, alginate type, and concentration, as well as the concentration of Ca 2+ .…”

Red Blood Cell Distribution Width as a Novel Parameter in Canine Disorders: Literature Review and Future Prospective

“…Recent studies have shown that pro-inflammatory and oxidative states or nutritional deficiency also induce RBC fragmentation with release of microparticles into the blood [ 68 ]. In particular, RBC microparticles contain molecules capable of activating various processes, mainly negative, in other cells such as WBCs, platelets, and endothelial cells, leading to an increase in the pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic, and oxidative state, and anisocytosis.…”