“…The two largest DC systems exist in Stockholm and Gothenburg. The Stockholm system is one of the largest in Europe with an installed capacity in 2020 of 270 MW and total delivery of 335 GWh and a pipe length of 250 km (Jangsten, 2020). The system has three sources of cold production with different shares: waste cold from HPs used in DH (55%), compression and absorption chillers (27%), and seawater free-cooling (18%) with accounted distribution losses of 8% (Stockholm Exergie, 2020).…”