A Perovskite-Based Paper Microfluidic Sensor for Haloalkane Assays

Abstract

Detection of haloalkanes is of great industrial and scientific importance because some haloalkanes are found serious biological and atmospheric issues. The development of a flexible, wearable sensing device for haloalkane assays is highly desired. Here, we develop a paper-based microfluidic sensor to achieve low-cost, high-throughput, and convenient detection of haloalkanes using perovskite nanocrystals as a nanoprobe through anion exchanging. We demonstrate that the CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I) nanocrystals are selectively and sensitively in response to haloalkanes (CH2Cl2, CH2Br2), and their concentrations can be determined as a function of photoluminescence spectral shifts of perovskite nanocrystals. In particular, an addition of nucleophilic trialkyl phosphines (TOP) or a UV-photon-induced electron transfer from CsPbX3 nanocrystals is responsible for achieving fast sensing of haloalkanes. We further fabricate a paper-based multichannel microfluidic sensor to implement fast colorimetric assays of CH2Cl2 and CH2Br2. We also demonstrate a direct experimental observation on chemical kinetics of anion exchanging in lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals using a slow solvent diffusion strategy. Our studies may offer an opportunity to develop flexible, wearable microfluidic sensors for haloalkane sensing, and advance the in-depth fundamental understanding of the physical origin of anion-exchanged nanocrystals.

Sensing Utilities of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites and Composites: A Comprehensive Review

“…The detection/quantification of specialized chemicals, such as CH 3 I, CH 2 Cl 2 , CH 2 Br 2 , benzoyl peroxide, and excessive acid number (AN), via anion exchange mechanisms [ 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 ] cannot be regarded as a specific quantification procedure because of its similarity to anion detection. This should be critically investigated to pursue the “state-of-the-art” sensing procedure.…”

Microfluidic Synthesis, Doping Strategy, and Optoelectronic Applications of Nanostructured Halide Perovskite Materials

“…Michalska et al demonstrated that the microfluidic-mixing enhanced hole-transporting layers exhibit dramatic reductions in surface energy and an increase in hole mobilities in PSCs, the highest PSCs efficiency up to 15.9% [ 73 ]. Besides, based on the PL spectral shifts of perovskite nanocrystals, using perovskite CsPbX 3 (X = Cl, Br, or I) nanocrystals as a nanoprobe, a paper-based microfluidic sensor through anion exchanging was developed to achieve convenient detection of haloalkanes (CH 2 Cl 2 , CH 2 Br 2 ) [ 24 ].…”

“…A-site cations can be inorganic or organic ions, such as cesium (Cs), formamidinium (FA), and methylammonium (MA), while B-site cation (Pb 2+ ) could potentially be exchanged by dopant ions (Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ce 3+ , Eu 2+ ) [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Therefore, the hybrid organic−inorganic lead halide perovskite, such as CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 ; and all inorganic lead halide perovskite, such as CsPbX 3 , in the form of nanocrystals, thin films, microcrystals, and bulk single-crystals, show promising properties in LEDs [ 9 , 19 ], lasers [ 20 ], solar cells [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], gas sensors [ 24 ], etc. This review will present the development, progress, and perspectives of halide perovskite synthesis and optoelectronic applications.…”

Macrophage-Inspired Degradation-Activation System Enables Ultrasensitive Multicolor Detection of Haloacetic Acids via Janus Perovskite Halide Exchange

“…Maye et al opened a new halide detection path via the Finkelstein reaction and verified its feasibility in halide exchange. It was the Finkelstein reaction that successively enabled the detections of iodomethane, dichloromethane, , and dibromomethane , based on the halide exchange of CsPbX 3 NPs. Simultaneously, photochemistry provides another potential FAE strategy for perovskite-based halide detection.…”

“…Simultaneously, photochemistry provides another potential FAE strategy for perovskite-based halide detection. Son et al and Yang et al demonstrated the photoinduced anion exchange of CsPbX 3 NPs with halomethane under excitation at visible light (405 nm) and Ultraviolet A (365 nm), respectively. Liu et al utilized γ-ray irradiation to promote the halide exchange of bromobenzene and benzyl chloride with CsPbX 3 NPs .…”