A physiologically based toxicokinetic model of inhalation exposure to xylenes in Caucasian men

Adams, John C.; Dills, Russell L.; Morgan, Michael S.; Kalman, David A.; Pierce, Crispin H.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.07.005

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The composite BTEX exposure showed consistent decreases across quantiles in the same period; benzene and toluene contribute disproportionately to this indicator. The half–life of ethylbenzene in blood is very short (<1 h) (Adams et al, 2005; ATSDR, 2007b); xylenes are reported to have biphasic half–lives: 0.5–1 h initially, followed by 20–30 h (US EPA, 2003b); and styrene has biphasic half–lives of 0.58 and 13 h in blood (ATSDR, 2007c). Thus, blood tends represent only recent exposures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends of VOC exposures among a nationally representative sample: Analysis of the NHANES 1988 through 2004 data sets

Mukherjee

Batterman

2011

Atmospheric Environment

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Exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous due to emissions from personal, commercial and industrial products, but quantitative and representative information regarding long term exposure trends is lacking. This study characterizes trends from1988 to 2004 for the 15 VOCs measured in blood in five cohorts of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a large and representative sample of U.S. adults. Trends were evaluated at various percentiles using linear quantile regression (QR) models, which were adjusted for solvent-related occupations and cotinine levels. Most VOCs showed decreasing trends at all quantiles, e.g., median exposures declined by 2.5 (m, p-xylene) to 6.4 (tetrachloroethene) percent per year over the 15 year period. Trends varied by VOC and quantile, and were grouped into three patterns: similar decreases at all quantiles (including benzene, toluene); most rapid decreases at upper quantiles (ethylbenzene, m, p-xylene, o-xylene, styrene, chloroform, tetrachloroethene); and fastest declines at central quantiles (1,4-dichlorobenzene). These patterns reflect changes in exposure sources, e.g., upper-percentile exposures may result mostly from occupational exposure, while lower percentile exposures arise from general environmental sources. Both VOC emissions aggregated at the national level and VOC concentrations measured in ambient air also have declined substantially over the study period and are supportive of the exposure trends, although the NHANES data suggest the importance of indoor sources and personal activities on VOC exposures. While piecewise QR models suggest that exposures of several VOCs decreased little or any during the 1990’s, followed by more rapid decreases from 1999 to 2004, questions are raised concerning the reliability of VOC data in several of the NHANES cohorts and its applicability as an exposure indicator, as demonstrated by the modest correlation between VOC levels in blood and personal air collected in the 1999/2000 cohort. Despite some limitations, the NHANES data provides a unique, long term and direct measurement of VOC exposures and trends.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends of VOC exposures among a nationally representative sample: Analysis of the NHANES 1988 through 2004 data sets

Mukherjee

Batterman

2011

Atmospheric Environment

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“…However, in most of the reports, the values of the metabolic parameters used for their models were calculated from the results obtained in animal experimentations (Adams et al, 2005;Borm and de Barbanson, 1988;Droz et al, 1989;Jonsson and Johanson, 2001;Pierce et al, 1996aPierce et al, , 1999Ramsey and Andersen, 1984;Tardif et al, 1995Tardif et al, , 1997. There are a few available reports on models designed on the basis of the values of the metabolic parameters examined in humans (Jarnberg and Johanson, 1999;Lof and Johanson, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of absorption of aromatic hydrocarbons diffusing from interior materials in automobile cabins by inhalation toxicokinetic analysis in rats

Yoshida

2010

J of Applied Toxicology

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Aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as aliphatic hydrocarbons, diffusing from interior materials in automotive cabins are the most common compounds contributing to interior air pollution. In this study, the amounts of seven selected aromatic hydrocarbons absorbed by a car driver were estimated by evaluating their inhalation toxicokinetics in rats. Measured amounts of these substances were injected into a closed chamber system containing a rat, and the concentration changes in the chamber were examined. The toxicokinetics of the substances were evaluated on the basis of the concentration-time course using a nonlinear compartment model. The amounts absorbed in humans at actual concentrations in automobile cabins without ventilation were extrapolated from the results obtained from rats. The absorbed amounts estimated for a driver during a 2 h drive were as follows (per 60 kg of human body weight): 30 microg for toluene (interior median concentration, 40 microg m(-3) in our previous study), 10 microg for ethylbenzene (12 microg m(-3)), 6 microg for o-xylene (10 microg m(-3)), 8 microg for m-xylene (11 microg m(-3)), 9 microg for p-xylene (11 microg m(-3)), 11 microg for styrene (11 microg m(-3)) and 27 microg for 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (24 microg m(-3)). Similarly, in a cabin where air pollution was marked, the absorbed amount of styrene (654 microg for 2 h in a cabin with an interior maximum concentration of 675 microg m(-3)) was estimated to be much higher than those of other substances. This amount (654 microg) was approximately 1.5 times the tolerable daily intake of styrene (7.7 microg kg(-1) per day) recommended by the World Health Organization.

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“…Als terminale Halbwertszeit wird für alle Isomere ein durchschnittlicher Wert von 34 h angegeben, wobei die Werte für einzelne Individuen von 12 bis 108 h reichten [38].…”

Section: Metabolismus Und Ausscheidungunclassified

Richtwerte für Dimethylbenzole in der Innenraumluft

Umweltbundesamtes¹

2015

Bundesgesundheitsbl.

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A physiologically based toxicokinetic model of inhalation exposure to xylenes in Caucasian men

Cited by 21 publications

References 31 publications

Trends of VOC exposures among a nationally representative sample: Analysis of the NHANES 1988 through 2004 data sets

Trends of VOC exposures among a nationally representative sample: Analysis of the NHANES 1988 through 2004 data sets

Estimation of absorption of aromatic hydrocarbons diffusing from interior materials in automobile cabins by inhalation toxicokinetic analysis in rats

Richtwerte für Dimethylbenzole in der Innenraumluft

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