A pilot investigation to optimise methods for a future satiety preload study

Abstract

BackgroundPreload studies are used to investigate the satiating effects of foods and food ingredients. However, the design of preload studies is complex, with many methodological considerations influencing appetite responses. The aim of this pilot investigation was to determine acceptability, and optimise methods, for a future satiety preload study. Specifically, we investigated the effects of altering (i) energy intake at a standardised breakfast (gender-specific or non-gender specific), and (ii) the duration between mid-morning preload and ad libitum lunch meal, on morning appetite scores and energy intake at lunch.MethodsParticipants attended a single study visit. Female participants consumed a 214-kcal breakfast (n = 10) or 266-kcal breakfast (n = 10), equivalent to 10% of recommended daily energy intakes for females and males, respectively. Male participants (n = 20) consumed a 266-kcal breakfast. All participants received a 250-ml orange juice preload 2 h after breakfast. The impact of different study timings was evaluated in male participants, with 10 males following one protocol (protocol 1) and 10 males following another (protocol 2). The duration between preload and ad libitum lunch meal was 2 h (protocol 1) or 2.5 h (protocol 2), with the ad libitum lunch meal provided at 12.00 or 13.00, respectively. All female participants followed protocol 2. Visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaires were used to assess appetite responses and food/drink palatability.ResultsCorrelation between male and female appetite scores was higher with the provision of a gender-specific breakfast, compared to non-gender-specific breakfast (Pearson correlation of 0.747 and 0.479, respectively). No differences in subjective appetite or ad libitum energy intake were found between protocols 1 and 2. VAS mean ratings of liking, enjoyment, and palatability were all > 66 out of 100 mm for breakfast, preload, and lunch meals.ConclusionsThe findings of this pilot study confirm the acceptability of this methodology for future satiety preload studies. Appetite scores increased from preload to ad libitum lunch meal; however, no specific differences were found between protocols. The results highlight the importance of considering energy intake prior to preload provision, with a gender-specific breakfast improving the correlation between male and female appetite score responses to a morning preload.

Effectiveness of a polyphenolic extract (Lippia citriodora and Hibiscus sabdariffa) on appetite regulation in overweight and obese grade I population: an 8-week randomized, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial

“…AS was calculated as the average of the four individual scores: . That formula and the interpretation of the results were adapted from previous studies [ 35 ], concluding that lower AS corresponds to greater fullness.…”

“…At minute 240, an ad-libitum buffet was served to quantify an ad-libitum intake. Nutritional value of the food served was determined using Dietsource v3.0 software (Novartis Medical Nutrition S.A., 1997-2003 which uses a table of composition of Spanish foods [34]. The breakfast was composed by bread (50 g), ham (30 g), cheese (25 g), pineapple juice (200 mL) and non-flavored yogurt (125 g), presenting a nutritional value of 417 kcal, 47 g of carbohydrates, 2 g of fiber, 21 g of protein and 15 g of lipids.…”

Impact of dietary supplementation with resistant dextrin (NUTRIOSE®) on satiety, glycaemia, and related endpoints, in healthy adults

“…Lunch and evening meals were consumed 150 min after the mid-morning and mid-afternoon ‘preload’ treatment. The lunch meal was a pasta in a tomato sauce, with olive oil and parmesan, and was served ad libitum as described previously [ 18 ]. The evening meal of cheese and tomato pizza was also provided ad libitum, with pre-weighed servings provided at 5-min intervals.…”

“…Appetite VAS questions were anchored at 'Not at all' and 'Extremely'. Participants consumed a gender-specific breakfast, equivalent to 10% of male or female recommended daily energy intakes, as used previously (18), at 08:45. Lunch and evening meals were consumed 150 min after the mid-morning and mid-afternoon 'preload' treatment.…”

Effectiveness of a Polyphenolic Extract (Lippia Citriodora and Hibiscus Sabdariffa) on Appetite Regulation in Overweight and Obese Grade I Population: A 8 weeks Randomized, Double-Blind, Cross-Over, Placebo-Controlled Trial

“…to "I am the most hungry I have ever been"; on the satiety scale, from "I have no feeling of fullness" to "I'm as full as I've ever been"; on the fullness scale, from "I have no feeling of fullness" to "I have the greatest feeling of ful llment I've ever had" and on the prospective food consumption scale (PFC) from "I have no desire to eat any food" to "I have the greatest desire to eat any food I've ever had". OAS was calculated as the average of the four individual scores: (satiety + fullness + (100 -PFC) + (100 -hunger)) / 4 (20).…”