A Polyherbal Mixture with Nutraceutical Properties for Ruminants: A Meta-Analysis and Review of BioCholine Powder

Abstract

BioCholine Powder is a polyherbal feed additive composed of Achyrantes aspera, Trachyspermum ammi, Azadirachta indica, and Citrullus colocynthis. The objective of this study was to analyze published results that support the hypothesis that the polyherbal product BioCholine Powder has rumen bypass choline metabolites through a meta-analysis and effect size analysis (ES). Using Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and university dissertation databases, a systematic search was conducted for experiments published in scientific documents that evaluated the effects of BioCholine supplementation on the variables of interest. The analyzed data were extracted from twenty-one publications (fifteen scientific articles, three abstracts, and three graduate dissertations available in institutional libraries). The studies included lamb growing–finishing, lactating ewes and goats, calves, and dairy cows. The effects of BioCholine were analyzed using random effects statistical models to compare the weighted mean difference (WMD) between BioCholine-supplemented ruminants and controls (no BioCholine). Heterogeneity was explored, and three subgroup analyses were performed for doses [(4 (or 5 g/d), 8 (10 g/d)], supplementation in gestating and lactating ewes (pre- and postpartum supplementation), and blood metabolites by species and physiological state (lactating goats, calves, lambs, ewes). Supplementation with BioCholine in sheep increased the average daily lamb gain (p < 0.05), final body weight (p < 0.01), and daily milk yield (p < 0.05) without effects on intake or feed conversion. Milk yield was improved in small ruminants with BioCholine prepartum supplementation (p < 0.10). BioCholine supplementation decreased blood urea (p < 0.01) and increased levels of the liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT; p < 0.10) and albumin (p < 0.001). BioCholine doses over 8 g/d increased blood glucose, albumin (p < 0.10), cholesterol, total protein, and globulin (p < 0.05). The ES values of BioCholine in retained energy over the control in growing lambs were +7.15% NEm (p < 0.10) and +9.25% NEg (p < 0.10). In conclusion, adding BioCholine Powder to domestic ruminants’ diets improves productive performance, blood metabolite indicators of protein metabolism, and liver health, showing its nutraceutical properties where phosphatidylcholine prevails as an alternative that can meet the choline requirements in ruminants.

Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Lambs Fed Diets Containing Different Energy Levels Supplemented with Rumen-Protected Choline

“…Blood protein profiles are an indirect nutritional indicator because they provide amino acids [ 52 ]. As a methyl-group donor, choline influences protein homeostasis by increasing synthesis and reducing breakdown [ 44 ].…”

“…However, in the present study, the inclusion of RPC in diets with different ME levels did not affect variables of protein profiles, including TP, ALB, GLB, and Cre, as observed by Rodriguez-Guerrero et al [ 43 ] and Leal et al [ 53 ]. A recent meta-analysis study reported that BioCholine doses over 8 g/d increased blood ALB, TP, and globulin and decreased serum urea-N [ 52 ]. The GLB values were inconsistent.…”

Influence of supplemental choline on milk yield, fatty acid profile, and weight changes in postpartum ewes and their offspring

“…Choline alters ruminal fermentation [ 33 ]. The liver’s effectiveness in metabolizing FAs might be enhanced due to its lipotropic function [ 34 ].…”

Evaluation of Increasing Dietary Concentrations of a Multi-Enzyme Complex in Feedlot Lambs’ Rations

“…Although multiple evaluations with exogenous enzymes have reported increases in nutrient digestibility, only a few report changes in indigestible energy [8,22], while others present improvements in metabolizable energy (ME) or net energy (NE) [23,24], information which is important for animal nutritionists to make decisions related to diet formulation. To estimate the dietary energy changes related to enzyme supplementation, the net energy for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) obtained in diets can be estimated from ruminants' performance, as described with other additives [25,26]. Therefore, the objective of the present experiment was to evaluate increasing doses of a complex in growing lambs fed a ration containing 40% corn silage to estimate its impact on net energy and to evaluate if M-E supplementation could modify ruminal fermentation patterns.…”