A Polyphenol Rich Extract from Solanum melongena L. DR2 Peel Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Activity In Vitro

Abstract

DR2B and DR2C extracts, obtained by ethanolic maceration of peel from commercially and physiologically ripe aubergine berries, were studied for the antioxidative cytoprotective properties and anti-HSV-1 activity, in line with the evidence that several antioxidants can impair viral replication by maintaining reducing conditions in host cells. The antioxidative cytoprotective effects against tBOOH-induced damage were assessed in Caco2 cells, while antiviral activity was studied in Vero cells; polyphenolic fingerprints were characterized by integrated phytochemical methods. Results highlighted different compositions of the extracts, with chlorogenic acid and delphinidin-3-rutinoside as the major constituents; other peculiar phytochemicals were also identified. Both samples reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exhibited scavenging and chelating properties. DR2C partly counteracted the tBOOH-induced cytotoxicity, with a remarkable lowering of lactate metabolism under both normoxia and hypoxia; interestingly, it increased intracellular GSH levels. Furthermore, DR2C inhibited the HSV-1 replication when added for 24 h after viral adsorption, as also confirmed by the reduction of many viral proteins’ expression. Since DR2C was able to reduce NOX4 expression during HSV-1 infection, its antiviral activity may be correlated to its antioxidant properties. Although further studies are needed to better characterize DR2C activity, the results suggest this extract as a promising new anti-HSV-1 agent.

Antioxidant and anti-Salmonella activities of eggplant peel compounds obtained by solvent-free calcium-based extraction

“…These results are in accordance with those of other studies that determined the total phenolic content in different extracts obtained with ethanol from green, white, and purple eggplants, with values of between 22-234, 44-90, 50-56, and 22-73 mg GAE/100 g sample (wb), respectively (Kaur, Nagal, Nishad, Kumar, & Sarika, 2014). High phenolic concentrations have also been observed in extracts of EP obtained with 50% ethanol and microwave irradiation (Salerno et al, 2014), and in methanolextracts of DR2B and DR2C EP (Di Sotto et al, 2018). However, in this study, saline solutions were used to incorporate the EP extracts directly into the food without the need for evaporation.…”

Hypoglycemic, Antiglycation and Cytoprotective Properties of A Phenol Rich Extract from Waste Peel of <i>Punica Granatum</i> L. Var. Dente Di Cavallo DC2

“…Also, our results highlighted that PGE contained about a 20% w/w of total flavonoids (expressed as quercetin equivalents). Taking into account the overall yield obtained for PGE (about 1.09 % w/w) [18], a total flavonoid amount in the fresh material higher than 2 g/Kg can be estimated: on the basis of Peterson and Dwyer classification [5], peel of Dente di Cavallo DC2 pomegranate results to contain high flavonoid levels, thus confirming its possible interest as a nutraceutical source. Nevertheless, the true bioavailability of these phytochemicals after ingestion remain to be evaluated.…”

“…The total amounts of both phenolics and tannins were measured by the spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocalteau method and calculated as tannic acid equivalents (TAEs), while those of flavonoids were determined by the aluminium trichloride method and expressed as quercetin equivalents (QE), according to previous published methods [5].…”

“…Phenolic compounds of PGE were analyses by integrated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to the methods reported by Di Sotto et al [5].…”

Chlorogenic acid‐rich Solanum melongena extract has protective potential against rotenone‐induced neurotoxicity in PC‐12 cells

“…Besides its edible value, S. melongena is widely used for medicinal purposes in Asia (Gebhardt, 2016). It has been reported to have antioxidant (Di Sotto et al, 2018;Sadilova, Stintzing, & Carle, 2006), antiinflammation (Sun et al, 2014), antidiabetic (Umamageswari, Karthikeyan, & Maniyar, 2017), and antiviral (Di Sotto et al, 2018) properties. It is also applied topically for the treatment of several skin diseases, including dermatitis (Di Sotto et al, 2018).…”