A Polysaccharide Isolated from Codonopsis pilosula with Immunomodulation Effects Both In Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract

In this study, an acidic polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen (WCP-I) and its main fragment, WCP-Ia, obtained after pectinase digestion, were structurally elucidated and found to consist of a rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) region containing both arabinogalactan type I (AG-I) and type II (AG-II) as sidechains. They both expressed immunomodulating activity against Peyer’s patch cells. Endo-1,4-β-galactanase degradation gave a decrease of interleukine 6 (IL-6) production compared with native WCP-I and WCP-Ia, but exo-α-l-arabinofuranosidase digestion showed no changes in activity. This demonstrated that the stimulation activity partly disappeared with removal of β-d-(1→4)-galactan chains, proving that the AG-I side chain plays an important role in immunoregulation activity. WCP-Ia had a better promotion effect than WCP-I in vivo, shown through an increased spleen index, higher concentrations of IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum, and a slight increment in the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio. These results suggest that β-d-(1→4)-galactan-containing chains in WCP-I play an essential role in the expression of immunomodulating activity. Combining all the results in this and previous studies, the intestinal immune system might be the target site of WCP-Ia.

Polysaccharide of atractylodes macrocephala koidz activated T lymphocytes to alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression of geese through novel_mir2/CD28/AP-1 signal pathway

“…The results in our research found that the relative mRNA expression level of IL-4 and IL-10 in PAMK+CTX group was significant decrease when compared with CTX group, which indicated that PAMK could alleviate the imbalance of cytokines caused by CTX and maintain the balance of cytokines secretion levels. Similar to our research, Zhu and Zhou found that Codonopsis pilosulaA Polysaccharide and Lycium barbarum polysaccharide could increase the serum secretion level of TGF-β, IL-6, TNF-α, sIgA, enhance intestinal flora, increase CD4/CD8 T lymphocytes ratio to enhance the body immunity level( Zou et al., 2019 ; Zhu et al., 2020 ) Ying and zhou indicated that polysaccharide could alleviate the immunosuppression induced by CTX through increase the serum secretion level of IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, TGF-β( Wang et al., 2018 ; Ying et al., 2020 ). Taken together, these findings confirm that PAMK can alleviate the imbalance level of cytokines induced by CTX.…”

Virtual screening and network pharmacology-based synergistic mechanism identification of multiple components contained in Guanxin V against coronary artery disease

“…These herbs and chemical constituents of GXV have been reported to be beneficial to CAD. Codonopsis Radix shares immunomodulation effects [68,69]. Radix Codonopsis polysaccharide, an active compound in Codonopsis Radix, could maintain the T-cell balance against hydrocortisone disturbance [70].…”

Antinociceptive Effects of Shenling Baizhu through PI3K‐Akt‐mTOR Signaling Pathway in a Mouse Model of Bone Metastasis with Small‐Cell Lung Cancer

“…As a canonical and well-known Chinese medicine formula, SLBZ-AP is first described in " e Prescriptions of the Bureau of Taiping People's Welfare Pharmacy" in Song-dynasty [19] and contains twenty-eight species of TCM as Dangshen, Fuling, Baizhu, Gancao, and so on . ere are chemical components as saccharides (Dang Shen, Fu Ling, Bai Bian Dou) [37,38], glycosides (Shan Yao, Jie Geng, Shan Zhu Yu, Bai Shao) [39][40][41][42], and flavonoids (Bai Zhu, Gan Cao) [43,44] mainly in SLBZ-AP. Saccharides have immunomodulation effects [37].…”

“…ere are chemical components as saccharides (Dang Shen, Fu Ling, Bai Bian Dou) [37,38], glycosides (Shan Yao, Jie Geng, Shan Zhu Yu, Bai Shao) [39][40][41][42], and flavonoids (Bai Zhu, Gan Cao) [43,44] mainly in SLBZ-AP. Saccharides have immunomodulation effects [37]. Glycosides as saponins [39] and flavonoids [44] have anti-inflammatory effects.…”