A Potential Andrographolide Analogue against the Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Vero Cells

Abstract

Andrographolide (AD), and 14-deoxyandrographolide (DAD) isolated from Andrographis paniculata Nees, Acanthaceae, and 3,19-isopropylideneandrographolide (IPAD), a semi-synthetic compound of AD, were examined for anti-HSV-1 activity in vitro. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on viral entry and replication steps were determined using pre- and post-infection assays, respectively. All the three compounds exhibited less than 50% inhibitory act against viral entry. In the post-infection, IPAD displayed absolute inhibition, whereas AD and DAD gave moderate activity. IPAD was selected to determine for the stage of anti-replication by time-of-addition and time-of-removal assays. From the time of removal assay, IPAD activity began after 4 h and completed at 16 h post infection which corresponded to the early genes expression. Its ability to inhibit HSV-1 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and the expression of viral glycoproteins C and D by western blot analysis. No viral enveloped glycoproteins D and C expressions were found. IPAD exhibited anti-HSV-1 replication relating to the early step of replication. Structure-activity relationships of andrographolide against HSV-1 was proposed, it is the first report of this ent-labdane diterpene.

Comparative effectiveness and safety of xiyanping with ribavirin for rotavirus enteritis therapy in childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Apart from its antibacterial activity, andrographolide can inhibit viral replication and induce viral destruction in pathogens such as influenza A virus (IAV), hepatitis virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) [28]. Seubsasana et al showed that andrographolide exhibits antireplication activity and decreases the expression of gpC and gpD throughout treatment, although it was able to inhibit HSV entry by less than 50 % [32]. Chang et al [33] found that andrographolide cannot directly inhibit viruses, but inhibits virusinduced cell signaling dysregulation, which results in an increase in CD4 + lymphocytes [33].…”

Characterization of the inhibitory effect of an extract of Prunella vulgaris on Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP)-mediated virus entry and infection

“…Some Chinese herbs, including Prunella vulgaris, L. Panaxginseng C.A. Meyer, Andrographis paniculata, Lentinus edodes and Spirulina platensis, display inhibitory effects on the entry step of various viruses, such as HIV-1, Hepatitis B and HSV-1 (Chang et al, 1991;Fiore et al, 2008;Harada, 2005;Hayashi et al, 1996aHayashi et al, , 1996bHayashi, 2008;Kang et al, 2013;Lee et al, 2014;Li et al, 2001;Liu et al, 2002;Sato et al, 1996;Seubsasana et al, 2011;Tabba et al, 1989;Yao et al, 1992;Yoshida et al, 1988;Zhang et al, 2007). However, whether these herbs could also have inhibitory activities against EBOV infection remains unknown.…”

Andrographolide exerts anti‐hepatitis C virus activity by up‐regulating haeme oxygenase‐1 via the p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway in human hepatoma cells

“…Andrographolide is the most abundant diterpene lactone in the leaves and stems of A. paniculata and is a dietary supplement widely used in herbal medicine because of its diverse biological activities, which include anti‐inflammatory, anti‐metastasis, anti‐angiogenesis, anti‐proliferation, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects (Chan et al ., ; Maiti et al ., ). In addition, andrographolide exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (Uttekar et al ., ), herpes simplex virus 1 (Seubsasana et al ., ), influenza virus (Chen et al ., ) and Epstein–Barr virus (Lin et al ., ) via different mechanisms. To date, no investigations of the anti‐HCV activity of andrographolide have been reported.…”