A preliminary study of coronavirus disease 2019 in China: 
the impact of cardiovascular disease on death risk

Rethemiotaki, Irene

doi:10.5114/amsad.2020.98918

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As we have shown in this study, other publications have reported that chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, hypertension, chronic kid-ney disease, air pollution, and obesity are associated with a high risk of infection and death in COVID-19 patients [10][11][12][13][14][15][29][30][31]. These conditions occur and tend to converge more frequently in older people, but in the middle-aged population (aged 40-55 years) many other possible explanations emerge as to why they are also at high risk of death, when compared with younger persons aged < 40 years, even when they may be free of prevailing chronic diseases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Patients with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may develop COVID-19, which has caused more than 1 million deaths worldwide to date [7]. Risk factors associated with death may vary between countries with different ethnical backgrounds [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. These risk factors have been poorly described in Latin America, which represents a barrier to establishing proper epidemiological and clinical decisions to reduce the toll caused by this worrisome pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethnicity and other COVID-19 death risk factors in Mexico

et al. 2020

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IntroductionPatients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Risk factors associated with death vary among countries with different ethnic backgrounds. We aimed to describe the factors associated with death in Mexicans with confirmed COVID-19.Material and methodsWe analysed the Mexican Ministry of Health’s official database on people tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal fluids. Bivariate analyses were performed to select characteristics potentially associated with death, to integrate a Cox-proportional hazards model.ResultsAs of May 18, 2020, a total of 177,133 persons (90,586 men and 86,551 women) in Mexico received rtRT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. There were 5332 deaths among the 51,633 rtRT-PCR-confirmed cases (10.33%, 95% CI: 10.07–10.59%). The median time (interquartile range, IQR) from symptoms onset to death was nine days (5–13 days), and from hospital admission to death 4 days (2–8 days). The analysis by age groups revealed that the significant risk of death started gradually at the age of 40 years. Independent death risk factors were obesity, hypertension, male sex, indigenous ethnicity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, immunosuppression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, age > 40 years, and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Only 1959 (3.8%) cases received IVM, of whom 1893 were admitted to the intensive care unit (96.6% of those who received IMV).ConclusionsIn Mexico, highly prevalent chronic diseases are risk factors for death among persons with COVID-19. Indigenous ethnicity is a poorly studied factor that needs more investigation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnicity and other COVID-19 death risk factors in Mexico

et al. 2020

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“…Compared to young adults (25-49 years), the global prevalence rate of all CVD being is fivefold higher in patients between the ages of 50 and 69 and more than 10-fold higher in patients above 70 years of age. 4,5 Ageing is now considered the most potent independent risk factor associated with CVD burden. With the estimate that approximately 20% of the global population will be over 65 by 2030, there is an ultimate need to understand the pathophysiology of cardiovascular ageing and establish treatments and procedures to reduce the detrimental effects of ageing on the cardiovascular system of the elderly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The global burden of CVD studies in 2019 and 2022 shows that age influences the average prevalence rate of CVD worldwide. Compared to young adults (25–49 years), the global prevalence rate of all CVD being is fivefold higher in patients between the ages of 50 and 69 and more than 10‐fold higher in patients above 70 years of age 4,5 . Ageing is now considered the most potent independent risk factor associated with CVD burden.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex‐associated differences in cardiac ageing: Clinical aspects and molecular mechanisms

Calvo‐López,

Ortega‐Paz,

Jimenez‐Trinidad

et al. 2024

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Despite the extensive clinical and scientific advances in prevention, diagnostics and treatment, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide for people aged 65 and over. Of all ageing‐related diseases, CVD are responsible for almost one‐third of deaths in the elderly, being above all cancers combined. Age is an independent and unavoidable risk factor contributing to the impairment of heart and blood vessels. As the average age of the population in industrialized countries has doubled in the last century, and almost a fifth of the world's population is predicted to be over 65 in the next decade, we can assume that the burden of CVD will fall primarily on the elderly. Evidence from basic and clinical science has shown that sex significantly influences the onset and severity of CVD. In women, CVD usually develop later than in men and with atypical symptomatology. After menopause, however, the incidence and severity of CVD increase in women, reaching equality in both sexes. Although intrinsic sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular ageing may contribute to the sex differences in CVD progression, the molecular mechanisms associated with cardiovascular ageing and their clinical value are not known in detail. In this review, we discuss the scientific knowledge available, focusing on structural, hormonal, genetic/epigenetic and inflammatory pathways, seeking to transfer these findings to the cardiovascular clinic in terms of prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and management of these pathologies and proposing possible validation of target specifics.

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“…Severe and fatal forms are the final stage of viral infection progression with which the host' s inflammatory and immunological response is associated [3]. However, only a small number of infected people progress to severe and critical forms with ARDS, multiple organ failure and death and, up to now, differences in pathogenesis between asymptomatic, mild and severe illnesses in COVID-19 patients are unknown, although age and comorbidities are factors associated with a more severe evolution [4][5][6][7]. Therefore, it is crucial to identify clinical and laboratory predictors of severe and fatal forms right away, in order to provide, apart from antiviral therapies, further interventional drugs aimed at preventing the possible hyperinflammatory phase that leads to ARDS, cardiac failure, hypercoagulation, viral sepsis and death.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive risk factors for worse outcomes in COVID-19 patients with different clinical features at baseline

et al. 2021

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IntroductionCOVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of clinical expression and by possible progression to critical illness and death. Therefore it is essential to identify risk factors predicting progression towards serious and fatal diseases. The aim of our study was to identify laboratory predictive markers of clinical progression in patients with moderate/severe disease and in those with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Material and methodsUsing electronic medical records for all demographic, clinical and laboratory data, a retrospective study on all consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Infectious Disease Clinic of Perugia was performed. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F) assessment cut‑off of 200 mm Hg was used at baseline to categorize the patients into two clinical groups. The progression towards invasive ventilation and/or death was used to identify critical outcome. Statistical analysis was performed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was adopted to identify risk factors of critical illness and mortality.ResultsIn multivariate logistic regression analysis neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was the only significant predictive factor of progression to a critical outcome (p = 0.03) and of in-hospital mortality (p = 0.03). In ARDS patients no factors were associated with critical progression. Serum ferritin > 1006 ng/ml was the only predictive value of critical outcome in COVID-19 subjects with moderate/severe disease (p = 0.02).ConclusionsNeutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and serum ferritin are the only biomarkers that can help to stratify the risk of severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19.

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A preliminary study of coronavirus disease 2019 in China: the impact of cardiovascular disease on death risk

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Ethnicity and other COVID-19 death risk factors in Mexico

Ethnicity and other COVID-19 death risk factors in Mexico

Sex‐associated differences in cardiac ageing: Clinical aspects and molecular mechanisms

Predictive risk factors for worse outcomes in COVID-19 patients with different clinical features at baseline

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