“…In the past two decades, many studies have been done to estimate stops level transit origin–destination using Automatic Data Collection (ADC) system ( Barry et al, 2002 , Trépanier et al, 2007 , Li et al, 2011 , Nassir et al, 2011 , Wang et al, 2011 , Munizaga and Palma, 2012 , Alsger et al, 2016 , Kumar et al, 2019 , Jafari Kang et al, 2021 , Etikaf et al, 2021 , Wu et al, 2021 ). The majority of these studies used smart card data to estimate O-D for the bus system.…”