A prognostic model for STAD based on hypoxia- and immune-related genes

Abstract

IntroductionFeatured with vast heterogeneity, gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. A specific prognostic model is necessary for the improvement of clinical treatment strategies. Hypoxia is a common feature in the tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor progression. However, the current evaluation of hypoxic tumor immune microenvironment in GC is still inadequate.Material and methodsWith sequence data and single nucleotide variants data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas-STAD dataset as well as hypoxia- and immune-related genes acquired from MsigDB and ImmPort, a hypoxia-immune-based gene signature of gastric adenocarcinoma (STAD) was built by Cox regression analysis. Riskscore could be used as an independent prognostic factor.ResultsReceiver operating characteristic curve and survival curve showed the accuracy of the model. Pearson correlation analysis showed that DUSP1, one of the hypoxia- and immune-related feature genes, was positively correlated with immune cell scores and immune-related function scores. In addition, low-risk group peers were found to be in higher immune infiltration status and had higher immunophenoscore as demonstrated by single-sample GSEA, indicating better response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) treatment among the low-risk group. q-PCR results showed that DUSP1, IGFBP1, CGB5, GPC3 and EGF were significantly highly expressed in STAD cells, while FAM3D and FGF8 were significantly down-regulated.ConclusionsOverall, our study not only paves the way for future studies focusing on hypoxia and immune microenvironment but also improves STAD patient’s prognosis and their response to immunotherapy.

Levels of small extracellular vesicles in patients treated with hyperbaric oxygenation

“…The median number of sessions for all patients was 30 (15-60) and varied depending on the diagnosis. Patients with ABN (median = 60) had the highest number of sessions, whereas patients with ISSNHL (median = 15 (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) had the lowest number of sessions. The median number of sessions was 15 (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) in patients with NSTI.…”

“…On the other hand, DLBCL-derived exosomes can mediate tumor growth by macrophage polarization to M2 phenotypes [ 15 ]. These results take into account the importance of the tumor microenvironment, one of the main features of which is hypoxia [ 16 ], which then induces EV production in such conditions [ 10 ].…”

“…Improved methods for isolation and characterization of sEVs have made it possible to assess their levels as a prognostic factor or an indicator of therapeutic efficacy. Some cancer studies [14][15][16] have demonstrated the significance of EVs in the development or inhibition of tumor growth. Anticancer potential has been reported in cytotoxicity towards cancer cells from activated by exosomes DCs [14].…”