A Quantitative Analysis of Lip Aesthetics: The Influence of Gender and Aging

Abstract

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Smile dimensions in adult African American and Caucasian females and males

“…Sexual and racial dimorphisms have been described in the literature. The results of the current study agree with previously published reports showing that the dimensions of the lips and mouth are larger in males than in females and the same dimensions are generally larger in African Americans when compared to Caucasians, in both rest and smile poses . In particular, Porter reports that the horizontal measurements of the face are larger in African American males and females as compared to Caucasians neoclassical cannons .…”

“…The results of the current study agree with previously published reports showing that the dimensions of the lips and mouth are larger in males than in females and the same dimensions are generally larger in African Americans when compared to Caucasians, in both rest and smile poses. 14,21,22,29 In particular, Porter reports that the horizontal measurements of the face are larger in African American males and females as compared to Caucasians neoclassical cannons. 21,22 This result is similar to the current findings that indicate that African American females and males present wider mouth dimensions then Caucasians.…”

Are Portable Stereophotogrammetric Devices Reliable in Facial Imaging? A Validation Study of VECTRA H1 Device

“…analysis (1), which allow to perform not only linear and angular, but also surface areas and volume measurements, as well as registration and superimposition of 3D surfaces (2)(3)(4)(5)).…”

Validation of a low-cost laser scanner device for the assessment of three-dimensional facial anatomy in living subjects

“…The present study was designed to test the performances of Sense® laser scanner in all the declination of facial assessment, including not only linear and angular measurements, but also surfaces and volumes, which are acquiring a growing importance in research and clinics (Sforza et al, 2014a(Sforza et al, , 2014bGibelli et al, 2015;Ozer et al, 2016). In addition, 3D-3D pointto-point distances, calculated after registration of 3D models, were also tested, as they have had several applications in the literature (Camison et al, 2017;Gibelli et al, 2017aGibelli et al, , 2017bPucciarelli et al, 2018).…”

“…Three-dimensional facial analysis represents an important field of research of human anatomy, with application in several surgical and diagnostic branches of medicine, from dentistry to maxillofacial surgery (Farkas and Deutsch, 1996). The introduction of modern three-dimensional (3D) image acquisition systems, such as stereophotogrammetry and laser scanning, has represented a crucial improvement, widening the type of measurements to areas, volumes and 3D-3D surface distances, and increasing the reliability of metrical assessment (Winberg et al, 2006;Sawyer et al, 2009;Codari et al, 2015;Gibelli et al, 2015;Hong et al, 2017). In fact, both stereophotogrammetry and laser scanners have proved to be highly reliable (de Menezes et al, 2010;Joe et al, 2012), and have been applied to many research fields of facial anatomy relating to surgery, anthropology and genetics (Schwenzer-Zimmerer et al, 2008;Kau et al, 2010;Tartaglia et al, 2012;Sforza et al, 2013;Othman et al, 2014;Rosati et al, 2014;Koudelovà et al, 2015;Pucciarelli et al, 2017aPucciarelli et al, , 2017b.…”