A Quantitative Investigation on the Peripheral Nerve Response within the Small Strain Range

Giannessi, Elisabetta; Stornelli, Maria Rita; Coli, Alessandra; Sergi, Pier Nicola

doi:10.3390/app9061115

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The Young's modulus of the Injectrode remains slightly higher than that of nerve tissue. Estimates of Young's modulus of peripheral nerves vary from (20 kPa to 1 MPa), depending on the varied methods of measurement …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Injectable Neural Stimulation Electrode Made from an In‐Body Curing Polymer/Metal Composite

Trevathan

Baumgart

Nicolai

et al. 2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Implanted neural stimulation and recording devices hold vast potential to treat a variety of neurological conditions, but the invasiveness, complexity, and cost of the implantation procedure greatly reduce access to an otherwise promising therapeutic approach. To address this need, a novel electrode that begins as an uncured, flowable prepolymer that can be injected around a neuroanatomical target to minimize surgical manipulation is developed. Referred to as the Injectrode, the electrode conforms to target structures forming an electrically conductive interface which is orders of magnitude less stiff than conventional neuromodulation electrodes. To validate the Injectrode, detailed electrochemical and microscopy characterization of its material properties is performed and the feasibility of using it to stimulate the nervous system electrically in rats and swine is validated. The silicone-metal-particle composite performs very similarly to pure wire of the same metal (silver) in all measures, including exhibiting a favorable cathodic charge storage capacity (CSC C ) and charge injection limits compared to the clinical LivaNova stimulation electrode and silver wire electrodes. By virtue of its simplicity, the Injectrode has the potential to be less invasive, more robust, and more cost-effective than traditional electrode designs, which could increase the adoption of neuromodulation therapies for existing and new indications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Injectable Neural Stimulation Electrode Made from an In‐Body Curing Polymer/Metal Composite

Trevathan

Baumgart

Nicolai

et al. 2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

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“…Mechanical characterization is less often done, likely because the tissues are small. Reported values for stiffness of nerves range from ≈21 kPa, [ 198 ] in the relaxed state to 400 kPa when the nerve is elongated. [ 199 ] Further, different regions of the nerve can have significantly different properties as the G ′ of the endoneurium has been reported at ≈100 kPa, while the epineurium at ≈10 kPa.…”

Section: Surface Electrode Arrays For the Central And Peripheral Nerv...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials for Implantable Surface Electrode Arrays: Current Status and Future Directions

Tringides

Mooney

2022

Advanced Materials

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with the outermost layer of biological tissues, often spanning a significant surface area. Devices typically have multiple electrodes that aim to monitor and modulate cells and tissues in a minimally invasive manner, using biomaterials designed to evoke minimal inflammatory responses. Applications of Surface Electrode Arrays RecordingBecause surface electrode arrays can record a "snapshot" of the electrical activity at distinct locations, these arrays are useful to monitor the function of a tissue. Though the recordings are typically local field potentials, with electrodes that are small enough to modulate as little of a location as possible while still maintaining a sufficiently high conductivity, single units from individual cells have been reported. Clinically, these recordings are used to map the epicardial surface to identify instances, and potentially mechanisms, of chronic atrial fibrillation, [1] dysfunction of ventricular tachycardia caused by congenital defects, [2] and other abnormal conduction conditions in the cardiac system. Clinical electrocorticogram (ECoG) is used to identify similar functional changes on the cortical surface of the brain, most commonly to identify epileptic focal center(s), or detect seizure activity. [3][4][5][6][7] Other functional uses of ECoG include intraoperative monitoring during tumor resection. [8] A surgeon can ask a patient to perform an activity such as a speech and then identify and avoid the active cortical regions during surgery, to avoid major disruptions to the patient quality of life. StimulationInstead of passively monitoring electrical activity, multielectrode surface arrays can provide electrical current to the underlying tissue and induce a desired excitatory or inhibitory response. The applications for stimulating surface electrode arrays are often therapeutic and include implantable pacemakers, which restore a normal cardiac rhythm by providing external and overriding cues to the cardiomyocytes responsible for establishing a sinus rhythm. [9] Pulses delivered to specific regions of the spinal cord are used to manage chronic pain, [10][11][12] and more recently as a therapy to promote neuronal plasticity in Surface electrode arrays are mainly fabricated from rigid or elastic materials, and precisely manipulated ductile metal films, which offer limited stretchability. However, the living tissues to which they are applied are nonlinear viscoelastic materials, which can undergo significant mechanical deformation in dynamic biological environments. Further, the same arrays and compositions are often repurposed for vastly different tissues rather than optimizing the materials and mechanical properties of the implant for the target application. By first characterizing the desired biological environment, and then designing a technology for a particular organ, surface electrode arrays may be more conformable, and offer better interfaces to tissues while causing less damage. Here, the various materials used in each component of a surface electrode array are first r...

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“…In particular, strain forces transferred by the inner layer of the NGCs to the neuronal cell membranes must be lower than a certain level of strain considering that the mean strain resistance of cell membranes of sensory neurons [∼3,000 Pascal ([Pa)] and motor neurons (∼500 Pa) are different (Koch et al, 2012;Spedden et al, 2012;Moore and Staii, 2018) and that a higher mechanical force can damage the cell membranes activating cell apoptosis pathways. Also, the outer layer must mimic the resistance of the connective structures of the peripheral nerves which have a mean resistance of 580,000 Pa (Borschel et al, 2003;Giannessi et al, 2019).…”

Section: Biomaterials Characteristics To Be Used As a Nerve Conduitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural-Based Biomaterials for Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair

Fornasari

Carta

Gambarotta

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Peripheral nerve injury treatment is a relevant problem because of nerve lesion high incidence and because of unsatisfactory regeneration after severe injuries, thus resulting in a reduced patient's life quality. To repair severe nerve injuries characterized by substance loss and to improve the regeneration outcome at both motor and sensory level, different strategies have been investigated. Although autograft remains the gold standard technique, a growing number of research articles concerning nerve conduit use has been reported in the last years. Nerve conduits aim to overcome autograft disadvantages, but they must satisfy some requirements to be suitable for nerve repair. A universal ideal conduit does not exist, since conduit properties have to be evaluated case by case; nevertheless, because of their high biocompatibility and biodegradability, natural-based biomaterials have great potentiality to be used to produce nerve guides. Although they share many characteristics with synthetic biomaterials, natural-based biomaterials should also be preferable because of their extraction sources; indeed, these biomaterials are obtained from different renewable sources or food waste, thus reducing environmental impact and enhancing sustainability in comparison to synthetic ones. This review reports the strengths and weaknesses of natural-based biomaterials used for manufacturing peripheral nerve conduits, analyzing the interactions between natural-based biomaterials and biological environment. Particular attention was paid to the description of the preclinical outcome of nerve regeneration in injury repaired with the different natural-based conduits.

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A Quantitative Investigation on the Peripheral Nerve Response within the Small Strain Range

Cited by 14 publications

References 36 publications

An Injectable Neural Stimulation Electrode Made from an In‐Body Curing Polymer/Metal Composite

An Injectable Neural Stimulation Electrode Made from an In‐Body Curing Polymer/Metal Composite

Materials for Implantable Surface Electrode Arrays: Current Status and Future Directions

Natural-Based Biomaterials for Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair

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