A Quantum Blind Signature Scheme Based on Block Encryption and Quantum Fourier Transfer

A Quantum Blind Multi-Signature Method for the Industrial Blockchain

“…The other kind of anti-quantum technologies has gained attention recently, namely quantum anti-quantum methods, such as the quantum signature [13], quantum Fourier transfer [14], and quantum blind signature scheme [15]. With the emergence of quantum computing, the quantum security and vulnerabilities of blockchain again attracted more and more analysis.…”

“…For example, the authors of [32] described a quantum-resistance authentication in centralized cognitive radio networks, which is not suitable for uncentralized blockchain architecture. Additionally, the quantum single signature [13], quantum Fourier transfer [14], and quantum blind signature scheme [15] are also not suitable to be directly applied into multi-signature businesses of blockchains.…”

“…Different from typical multi-signature method with a trusted arbitration mechanism, the validity of the proposed multi-signature is checked by the quantum non-cloning theorem, and the legitimacy of the multi-party transaction is mutually As we can see from Figure 5, the proposed quantum blind multi-signature method is different from traditional lattice-based anti-quantum signature algorithms [9][10][11][12] or other quantum single-signature algorithms [13][14][15]. First, it comprises the quantum signature, blind signature, and multi-signature into blockchain transactions to provide secure multiparty transaction for more than two traders, as shown in Figure 1.…”

“…The other kind of anti-quantum technology is the quantum technology itself. That is, it aims to improve the quantum resistance of blockchain by using quantum mechanics, including the quantum signature [13], quantum Fourier transfer [14], and quantum blind signature scheme [15], etc. This kind of anti-quantum technology utilizes the special mechanism of quantum mechanics and has nothing to do with algorithm complexity, so we consider them as an absolute safe.…”

“…Nevertheless, research studies on anti-quantum technologies of blockchain have neglected the multi-signature transactions, which are very popular in industrial blockchain [16,17]. Both classic anti-quantum technologies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and quantum antiquantum technologies [13][14][15] cannot be directly used in the multi-signature transactions of blockchain to provide quantum resistance and blockchain scalability. Moreover, the existing multi-signature schemes in blockchain [16,17] cannot both provide anti-quantum security and keep the computational performance and the scalability of blockchain.…”