“…For tunnels, such models typically consist of beams on independent Winkler-type springs (Winkler, 1867), involving both numerical (e.g., Anastasopoulos et al, 2007;Yu et al, 2017;Oh and Moon, 2018) and analytical schemes (St. John and Zarah, 1987;Karadeniz, 2001;SanchezMerino et al, 2009;Yu et al, 2016b). However, the seismic response of continua (i.e., soil) can be modeled better by including a shear beam over the Winkler base, allowing for interaction among individual springs (Girija-Vallabhan and Das, 1991), rather than using a single layer of independent springs (Nogami and Lam, 1987). In geotechnical earthquake engineering, a similar approach has been employed for assessing the seismic response of piled foundations (Valsangkar and Pradhanang, 1988) and retaining walls (Younan et al, 1997).…”