A Relationship Between Hailstone Concentration and Size

Cheng, Lisa Lai‐Shen; English, Marianne

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<0204:arbhca>2.0.co;2

Cited by 73 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…(5); Pruppacher and Klett 1997]. Cheng and English (1983) derived an exponential relationship between the shape parameter and the slope intercept:…”

Section: ) Low-density Graupelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Theory-Based Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm for X-Band Polarimetric Radars

Dolan

Rutledge

2009

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

161

127

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Although much work has been done at S band to automatically identify hydrometeors by using polarimetric radar, several challenges are presented when adapting such algorithms to X band. At X band, attenuation and non-Rayleigh scattering can pose significant problems. This study seeks to develop a hydrometeor identification (HID) algorithm for X band based on theoretical simulations using the T-matrix scattering model of seven different hydrometeor types: rain, drizzle, aggregates, pristine ice crystals, low-density graupel, highdensity graupel, and vertical ice. Hail and mixed-phase hydrometeors are excluded for the purposes of this study. Non-Rayleigh scattering effects are explored by comparison with S-band simulations. Variable ranges based on the theoretical simulations are used to create one-dimensional fuzzy-logic membership beta functions that form the basis of the new X-band HID. The theory-based X-band HID is applied to a case from the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Integrated Project 1 (IP1) network of X-band radars, and comparisons are made with similar S-band hydrometeor identification algorithms applied to data from the S-band polarimetric Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) prototype radar, KOUN. The Xband HID shows promise for illustrating bulk hydrometeor types and qualitatively agrees with analysis from KOUN. A simple reflectivity-and temperature-only HID is also applied to both KOUN and CASA IP1 data to reveal benefits of the polarimetric-based HID algorithms, especially in the classification of ice hydrometeors and oriented ice crystals.

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“…(5); Pruppacher and Klett 1997]. Cheng and English (1983) derived an exponential relationship between the shape parameter and the slope intercept:…”

Section: ) Low-density Graupelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Theory-Based Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm for X-Band Polarimetric Radars

Dolan

Rutledge

2009

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

161

127

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“…Larger hailstones are less common than smaller hailstones (e.g., Changnon 1977), as are large raindrops compared to smaller ones (e.g., Federer and Waldvogel 1975;Cheng and English 1983). In Finland (Fig.…”

Section: Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatology of Severe Hail in Finland: 1930–2006

et al. 2009

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“…For this reason, large canting angles were used to simulate hail. Cheng and English (1983) and Ryzhkov et al (2009) found exponential distributions of hail. The Cheng and English (1983) exponential distribution can be described with a slope parameter L that is related to the number distribution through…”

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confidence: 99%

A Robust C-Band Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm and Application to a Long-Term Polarimetric Radar Dataset

Dolan

Rutledge

Lim

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

136

123

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A new 10-category, polarimetric-based hydrometeor identification algorithm (HID) for C band is developed from theoretical scattering simulations including wet snow, hail, and big drops/melting hail. The HID is applied to data from seven wet seasons in Darwin, Australia, using the polarimetric C-band (C-POL) radar, to investigate microphysical differences between monsoon and break periods. Scattering simulations reveal significant Mie effects with large hail (diameter . 1.5 cm), with reduced reflectivity and enhanced differential reflectivity Z dr and specific differential phase K dp relative to those associated with S band. Wet snow is found to be associated with greatly depreciated correlation coefficient r hv and moderate values of Z dr . It is noted that large oblate liquid drops can produce the same electromagnetic signatures at C band as melting hail falling quasi stably, resulting in some ambiguity in the HID retrievals. Application of the new HID to seven seasons of C-POL data reveals that hail and big drops/melting hail occur much more frequently during break periods than during monsoon periods. Break periods have a high frequency of vertically aligned ice above 12 km, suggesting the presence of strong electric fields. Reflectivity and mean drop diameter D 0 statistics demonstrate that convective areas in both monsoon and break periods may have robust coalescence or melting precipitation ice processes, leading to enhanced reflectivity and broader distributions of D 0 . Conversely, for stratiform regions in both regimes, mean reflectivity decreases below the melting level, indicative of evaporative processes. Break periods also have larger ice water path fractions, indicating substantial mixedphase precipitation generation as compared with monsoonal periods. In monsoon periods, a larger percentage of precipitation is produced through warm-rain processes.

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A Relationship Between Hailstone Concentration and Size

Cited by 73 publications

References 0 publications

A Theory-Based Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm for X-Band Polarimetric Radars

A Theory-Based Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm for X-Band Polarimetric Radars

Climatology of Severe Hail in Finland: 1930–2006

A Robust C-Band Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm and Application to a Long-Term Polarimetric Radar Dataset

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