A repeated dose study of the toxicity of inhaled 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) aerosol in three species of laboratory animal

Marrs, Timothy C.; Colgrave, H.F.; Cross, N.L.; Gazzard, M.F.; Brown, Roger F.

doi:10.1007/bf00333898

Cited by 28 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Criteria for considering a chemical to be mutagenic have been well reported, 14. 31 by which a positive mutagenic response should be considered if the mean number of His+ revertant colonies obtained was double or more than double the number obtained with the negative control. The mutagenic response with CS was reported 30 where none of the mean counts of His' revertant colonies at any dose were double or more than double that of the solvent control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenicity evaluation of riot control agent o‐chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (cs) in the ames salmonella/microsome test

Meshram

Malini

Rao

1992

J of Applied Toxicology

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o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), a riot control agent, was evaluated for its possible mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. Five histidine-deficient (His-) mutant tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium--TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA104--were used. The liquid preincubation procedure was used with metabolic activation (presence of S9 mixture) and without metabolic activation (absence of S9 mixture). For the experiments with metabolic activation, three different concentrations of S9 fraction (supernatant of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver homogenate at 9000 g)--5%, 15% and 30% in S9 mixture--were used. Along with mutagenic activity, CS was also evaluated for cytotoxic activity in all the five tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium, both in the presence and absence of S9 mixture. The mutagenic and cytotoxic activities of CS were assessed by counting the His+ revertant colonies and by counting the microcolonies (His-, auxotrophs in the background lawn), respectively, and the respective mean values were compared with the relative negative (solvent) control. A dose range of 12.5-800 micrograms plate-1 for CS did not induce a mutagenic response either in the presence or absence of S9 mix. No change in the negative mutagenic response of CS has been observed even in the presence of an elevated level of S9 fraction in the S9 mix. A dose of 200 micrograms plate-1 for CS was found to be cytotoxic by decreasing the surviving cells as well as His+ revertant colonies; however, the effect was reduced in the presence of an elevated level of S9 fraction in the S9 mix.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenicity evaluation of riot control agent o‐chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (cs) in the ames salmonella/microsome test

Meshram

Malini

Rao

1992

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…7 ' 8 Its toxic effects have been investigated. 9 In a study of its acute toxicity, no abnormalities in EKG, respiratory function, blood biochemistry and cell constitution were observed.' 0 On the other hand, the observed decrease in the respiratory rate was found to be proportional to the concentration of CS.…”

Section: Pharmacology and Toxicology Of Cs Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of CS and Synthesis of Its Novel Analogs

Munavalli¹,

Rohrbaugh²,

Durst³

2007

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“…Body weight losses in the CS-exposed animals were minimal, and no significant difference was noted in organ-to-body weight ratios following the 5-week exposure. Marrs and co-workers 259 studied the effects of neat CS aerosol in rats, mice and guinea-pigs subjected to repeated inhalation doses (1 h day 1 , 5 days a week, for 120 days) of test article. High concentrations of CS were fatal to the animals after several exposures.…”

Section: Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (Cs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry

Olajos¹,

Salem²

2001

J of Applied Toxicology

122

116

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The desired effect of all riot control agents is the temporary disablement of individuals by way of intense irritation of the mucous membranes and skin. Generally, riot control agents can produce acute site-specific toxicity where sensory irritation occurs. Early riot control agents, namely, chloroacetophenone (CN) and chlorodihydrophenarsazine (DM), have been replaced with 'safer' agents such as o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and oleoresin of capsicum (OC). Riot control agents are safe when used as intended: however, the widespread use of riot control agents raises questions and concerns regarding their health effects and safety. A large margin exists between dosages that produce harassment and dosages likely to cause adverse health effects for modern riot control agents such as CS and dibenz[b,f]1 : 4-oxazepine (CR). Yet, despite the low toxicity of modern riot control agents, these compounds are not entirely without risk. The risk of toxicity increases with higher exposure levels and prolonged exposure durations. Ocular, pulmonary and dermal injury may occur on exposure to high levels of these substances, and exposure to riot control agents in enclosed spaces may produce significant toxic effects. Reported deaths are few involving riot control agents, and then only under conditions of prolonged exposure and high concentrations. Recently, concern has focused on the deaths resulting from law enforcement use of OC, a riot control agent generally regarded as safe because it is a natural product. As with other xenobiotics, not enough is known concerning the long-term/chronic effects of riot control agents. Clearly, there is considerable need for additional research to define and delineate the biological and toxicological actions of riot control agents and to illuminate the full health consequences of these compounds as riot control agents.

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A repeated dose study of the toxicity of inhaled 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) aerosol in three species of laboratory animal

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Mutagenicity evaluation of riot control agent o‐chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (cs) in the ames salmonella/microsome test

Mutagenicity evaluation of riot control agent o‐chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (cs) in the ames salmonella/microsome test

Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of CS and Synthesis of Its Novel Analogs

Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry

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