A repetitively pulsed HF laser with a large discharge gap operating on the F₂—H₂mixture

Abstract

The structure of the ionic glasses (KCl) x (BiCl 3 ) 1−x , where x = 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, has been measured at 20 K by using neutron diffraction. The results show that BiCl 3 units exist as the predominant structural motifs at all compositions, give a Bi-Cl nearest-neighbour distance of 2.53(2)Å, and an angle Cl-Bi-Cl of 89(2) • . The nearest-neighbour K-Cl correlations occur at about 3.1Å. The first sharp diffraction peak observed in the total structure factors is attributed to Bi-Bi correlations and the shift in its position to smaller scattering vector values with increased x is attributed to an enlarged separation of the BiCl 3 units with enhanced KCl content. † Now at: Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. ‡ Following Madden and Wilson (1996), we regard an 'ionic' system as one whose properties are reproduced by an interaction model based on discrete closed-shell ions with integer charges, and a 'covalent' system as one whose interactions arise from the formation of chemical bonds involving the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. Many properties conventionally attributed to 'covalency' may be explained in terms of 'ionic' interactions provided that effects such as polarization, compression and deformation are taken into explicit account.

Laser-Induced Breakdown and Detonation in Particle-Laden Systems

“…The wave length of the laser beam is 4.2 µm, radius of the laser spot is 1.5 cm and the time of pulse is 2.6 µs (Aleksandrov et al, 2005;Azarov et al, 2004). At Q = 150 J, combustion of fuel takes place in a small region adjacent to the shock wave front.…”