A Retrospective Study to Examine Healthcare Costs Related to Cardiovascular Events in Individuals with Hyperlipidemia

Abstract

IntroductionFew studies have demonstrated the cost burden of cardiovascular events (CVEs) among patients with hyperlipidemia. The primary objective of this study was to determine the mean costs associated with CVEs among patients with hyperlipidemia by follow-up time period. Secondary objectives of this study included characterizing costs by CVE type and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used longitudinal claims to calculate payer costs according to CHD risk level and type of CVE, during several follow-up periods (acute and short-term, comprising year 1; plus years 2 and 3).ResultsThere were 193,385 patients with hyperlipidemia with a CVE. Costs in the acute (30-day) period were highest ($22,404) driven by inpatient care (77%). Costs remained high ($15,133 in year 3) with ambulatory care (from 14% in acute to 37% in year 3) and pharmaceutical costs (from 2% in acute to 24% in year 3) representing a greater proportion. After second and third CVEs, acute costs were lower than for the first CVE. But in the post-acute periods, costs were higher after second and third CVEs than after first CVEs. Acute costs varied considerably by type of CVE ($9149 for transient ischemic attack to $54,251 for coronary artery bypass graft; P < 0.001), but post-acute costs were more similar across types. Costs differed by baseline CHD risk for all follow-up periods (P < 0.001), but less than by CVE type. As expected, patients without CVEs had significantly lower costs.ConclusionAmong patients with hyperlipidemia, the economic burden of CVEs is substantial up to 3 years after a CVE. Costs remain high after subsequent CVEs and actually increase for non-inpatient utilization.FundingAmgen Inc.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12325-015-0264-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A Systematic Review of Medical Costs Associated with Heart Failure in the USA (2014–2020)

“…In the remaining 15 studies, eight (53%) assessed the costs that could be directly attributed to HF by comparing the costs of patients with HF to those with no HF [ 51 , 69 , 88 , 95 , 104 , 105 , 107 , 111 ]. In the other seven studies [ 46 , 58 , 66 , 68 , 75 , 89 , 94 ], it was inferred that all-cause resource use (i.e., no distinction for HF-related resource use) had been included in the analysis.…”

“…Sources of resource use and unit costs, currency and cost year, and the methods of resource use valuation (i.e., cost/charge, cost-to-charge ratio) were well defined in all studies. The majority of studies (26/43; 60%) reported adequately on the methodology of estimating costs [ 22 – 24 , 43 , 44 , 49 , 50 , 57 – 60 , 63 , 66 – 72 , 75 – 77 , 85 , 87 , 88 , 116 ]; in 14 (33%), the costing approach was concluded by the information reported and relevant guidelines by Drummond et al [ 91 ], although not explicitly stated [ 25 , 45 – 47 , 53 – 55 , 64 , 65 , 81 , 86 , 89 , 90 , 118 ]; three studies (10%), only published as abstracts, did not provide any information on the costing methodology [ 34 , 73 , 97 ].…”

“…Time horizon was reported by 38 studies, with the majority (33/43; 77%) estimating costs over a relatively short time frame of up to 1 year. Only five studies estimated the costs for a HF event for a period greater than 1 year [ 44 , 46 , 71 , 75 , 88 ], and only one of them discounted costs incurred after the first year. Time horizon was not applicable for the remaining five economic model studies, from which only de-novo cost inputs were extracted [ 45 , 53 – 55 , 74 ].…”

Estimated burden of cardiovascular disease and value-based price range for evolocumab in a high-risk, secondary-prevention population in the US payer context

“…Two US claims database Table 5. analyses 6,38 reported a 43% subsequent CV event risk over 2-3 years of follow-up for patients with a history of MI, stroke, UA, or revascularization. CV event risk was 49% over 2 years among a Swedish cohort of patients with a history of CVD 39 .…”

Beneficial Effects of SREBP Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotide in an Animal Model of Hyperlipidemia

“…Besides, various drugs, hormones, and multiple genetic defects affecting energy metabolism can lead to fat deposition in the liver [1]. Hyperlipidemias have produced a worldwide health critical situation and create a substantial burden not only on personal health but also on societies and economies [9]. Therefore, beneficial and secure pharmacological interventions for hyperlipidemia are urgently needed.…”