A Review: Competence, Compromise, and Concomitance—Reaction of the Host Cell To Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Development

Peng, Hong‐Juan; Chen, Xiaoguang; Lindsay, David S.

doi:10.1645/ge-2712.1

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Thus, SOCS indirectly block phosphorylation of STATs, inhibiting their activation. For recent reviews on the innate immune response to intracellular pathogens and STAT signalling refer to (Sehgal, ; Rasmussen et al ., ; Barber, ; Peng et al ., ).…”

Section: Toxoplasma Rhoptry Proteins and Host Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites

2013

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Rhoptries are club-shaped secretory organelles located at the anterior pole of species belonging to the phylum of Apicomplexa. Parasites of this phylum are responsible for a huge burden of disease in humans and animals and a loss of economic productivity. Members of this elite group of obligate intracellular parasites include Plasmodium spp. that cause malaria and Cryptosporidium spp. that cause diarrhoeal disease. Although rhoptries are almost ubiquitous throughout the phylum, the relevance and role of the proteins contained within the rhoptries varies. Rhoptry contents separate into two intra-organellar compartments, the neck and the bulb. A number of rhoptry neck proteins are conserved between species and are involved in functions such as host cell invasion. The bulb proteins are less well-conserved and probably evolved for a particular lifestyle. In the majority of species studied to date, rhoptry content is involved in formation and maintenance of the parasitophorous vacuole; however some species live free within the host cytoplasm. In this review, we will summarise the knowledge available regarding rhoptry proteins. Specifically, we will discuss the role of the rhoptry kinases that are used by Toxoplasma gondii and other coccidian parasites to subvert the host cellular functions and prevent parasite death.

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Section: Toxoplasma Rhoptry Proteins and Host Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites

2013

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“…Ingested bradyzoites and tachyzoites invade host cells and cause acute infection. In humans, T. gondii infections may cause disseminating damage to the brain, eyes, lymph nodes and even death in some immunocompromised individuals [2]. In pregnant women, this parasite can be transmitted to the fetus, resulting in tissue destruction, as well as developmental defects of the fetus or newborn [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, T. gondii infections may cause disseminating damage to the brain, eyes, lymph nodes and even death in some immunocompromised individuals [2]. In pregnant women, this parasite can be transmitted to the fetus, resulting in tissue destruction, as well as developmental defects of the fetus or newborn [2]. In immunocompetent hosts, tachyzoites are converted into bradyzoites quickly, and a lifelong chronic infection is established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The molecular mechanism of host cell invasion by T. gondii has been extensively investigated [2]. During invasion, a T. gondii tachyzoite attaches to the host cell membrane and forms a moving junction (MJ) between the tachyzoite and the host cell membrane by releasing microneme proteins (MIC) and rhoptry neck proteins (RON) at the interface of the tachyzoite-host cell surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzymatically active Rho and Rac small-GTPases are involved in the establishment of the vacuolar membrane after Toxoplasma gondii invasion of host cells

Zhu

Luo

et al. 2013

BMC Microbiol

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BackgroundGTPases are the family of hydrolases that bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate. The large Immunity-related GTPases and the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor-6 in host cells are known to accumulate on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) of Toxoplasma gondii and play critical roles in this parasite infection, but these GTPases cannot explain the full extent of infection.ResultsIn this research, RhoA and Rac1 GTPases from the host cell were found to accumulate on the PVM regardless of the virulence of the T. gondii strains after T. gondii invasion, and this accumulation was dependent on their GTPase activity. The real-time micrography of T. gondii tachyzoites invading COS-7 cells overexpressing CFP-RhoA showed that this GTPase was recruited to the PVM at the very beginning of the invasion through the host cell membrane or from the cytosol. Host cell RhoA and Rac1 were also activated after T. gondii tachyzoites invasion, which was needed for host cell cytoskeleton reorganization to facilitate intracellular pathogens invasion. The decisive domains for the RhoA accumulation on the PVM included the GTP/Mg2+ binding site, the mDia effector interaction site, the G1 box, the G2 box and the G5 box, respectively, which were related to the binding of GTP for enzymatic activity and mDia for the regulation of microtubules. The recruited CFP-RhoA on the PVM could not be activated by epithelial growth factor (EGF) and no translocation was observed, unlike the unassociated RhoA in the host cell cytosol that migrated to the cell membrane towards the EGF activation spot. This result supported the hypothesis that the recruited RhoA or Rac1 on the PVM were in the GTP-bound active form. Wild-type RhoA or Rac1 overexpressed cells had almost the same infection rates by T. gondii as the mock-treated cells, while RhoA-N19 or Rac1-N17 transfected cells and RhoA, Rac1 or RhoA + Rac1 siRNA-treated cells showed significantly diminished infection rates compared to mock cells.ConclusionsThe accumulation of the RhoA and Rac1 on the PVM and the requisite of their normal GTPase activity for efficient invasion implied their involvement and function in T. gondii invasion.

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“…O ciclo vital do parasito é complexo, sendo os felídeos, incluindo o gato doméstico, os únicos hospedeiros definitivos conhecidos, enquanto aves, morcegos, animais herbívoros, carnívoros, animais aquáticos como as baleias, e o homem, os hospedeiros intermediários (Dubey, et al, 1970, Remington et al, 2001, Peng et al, 2011 …”

Section: 3-ciclo De Vidaunclassified

Estudo da carga parasitária e dos genótipos de Toxoplasma gondii na toxoplasmose congênita

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A Review: Competence, Compromise, and Concomitance—Reaction of the Host Cell To Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Development

Cited by 40 publications

References 81 publications

Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites

Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites

Enzymatically active Rho and Rac small-GTPases are involved in the establishment of the vacuolar membrane after Toxoplasma gondii invasion of host cells

Estudo da carga parasitária e dos genótipos de Toxoplasma gondii na toxoplasmose congênita

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