A Review of P300, SSVEP, and Hybrid P300/SSVEP Brain- Computer Interface Systems

Abstract

Addi"ional informa"ion is available a" "he end of "he chap"er h""p://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56135 . IntroductionThere are several techniques for measuring brain activities such as magnetoencephalogram MEG , near infrared spectroscopy NIRS , electrocorticogram ECoG , functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI , and electroencephalography EEG . Each technique has some advantages and disadvantages compared to other techniques. For example, in EEG the temporal resolution is high but the special resolution is low compared to fMRI. "ecause of low cost and portability, EEG has been largely used in both clinical and researchOne of the EEG research applications is in a brain computer interface "CI system. " "CI can provide a new way of communications for special users who cannot communicate via normal pathways. " "CI system can send commands, controlled by brain activity and distinguished by EEG signal processing. There are many features which can be extracted from EEG, for example, six brain rhythms can be distinguished in EEG based on the differences in frequency ranges delta -Hz , theta -Hz , alpha -Hz , mu -Hz , beta -Hz , and gamma -Hz . The delta and theta rhythms occur in high emotional conditions or in a sleep stage. The alpha rhythm happens in awake and eyes closed relax condition. The oscillation in alpha rhythm has smooth pattern. The beta rhythm pattern is desynchronized and the condition is the normal awake open eyes. The gamma rhythm can be acquired from somatosensory cortex and mu rhythm from sensorimotor cortex. This is an open access ar"icle dis"rib""ed "nder "he "erms of "he Crea"ive Commons A""rib""ion License (h""p://crea"ivecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permi"s "nres"ric"ed "se, dis"rib""ion, and reprod"c"ion in any medi"m, provided "he original work is properly ci"ed. cal potentials SCPs [ ][ ].The focus of this chapter is on P , SSVEP and hybrid P -SSVEP "CI systems.Compared to other modalities for "CI approaches, such as the P -based and the SCP "CIs, SSVEP-based "CI system has the advantage of having higher accuracy and higher information transfer rate ITR . In addition, short/no training time and fewer EEG channels are required. However, similar to other "CI modalities, most current SSVEP-based "CI techniques also face some challenges that prevent them from being accepted by the majority of the population. Two important features of each "CI system are information transfer rate and required training time. " general comparison of different "CI approaches is shown in Figure .

Control Based on Brain-Bomputer Interface Technology for Video-Gaming With Virtual Reality Techniques

“…By using DFT, signal samples a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , …, a N-1 , assuming a i ∊ R are transformed into series of harmonics A 0 , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , …, A N-1 , assuming that A i ∊ C, it is done according to equation (2), where i -imaginary unit, k -harmonic number, n -signal sample number, a n -signal sample value, N -number of samples.…”

“…In practice, BCI technology is based on three paradigms: SCP, i.e. slow cortical potentials [2], induced potential P300 and ERD/ERS -event related desynchronization/synchronization [1].…”

Transfer Learning for SSVEP Electroencephalography Based Brain–Computer Interfaces Using Learn++.NSE and Mutual Information

“…Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) are an emerging input modality for disabled users seeking to communicate by computer [1,2]. BCI systems use brain signals directly as input to infer user intent.…”

Application of P300 Event-Related Potential in Brain-Computer Interface

“…In a comparative study, it was found that the overall spelling accuracies averaged for the same set of subjects, trials, and characters for RC, SC, and two variations of RB paradigms were 85, 72.2, 86.1, and 90.6%, respectively [14,69]. It is interesting to note that other than P300 BCI, application of RB paradigm has been extended to other BCI modalities too [54,[70][71][72].…”