A review of stability test methods for gun and mortar propellants, i: the chemistry of propellant ageing

Druet, L.; Asselin, M.

doi:10.1080/07370658808017235

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…All smokeless powders, in addition to explosive ingredients, contain a number of additives, including stabilizers, plasticizers, flash inhibitors, coolants, moderants, surface lubricants, and anti‐wear additives. A particular propellant powder will contain one or more of these additives depending on its intended use (10,12–18).…”

Section: What Is Gunshot Residue?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials—A Review

Dalby

Butler

Birkett

2010

Journal of Forensic Sciences

355

378

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A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. Aspects of both inorganic and organic GSR are discussed, from formation and distribution, to sample collection, preparation, and analysis using a variety of techniques. The interpretation of GSR results is also considered including issues surrounding the contamination, distribution, and transfer of GSR. Potential problems with ulterior sources of GSR like particles have been reported in the literature. For example, particles from environmental and occupational sources have been highlighted as exhibiting similar chemical and morphological characteristics to GSR. These findings are put into context with regard to interpreting samples. A move toward a ''case by case'' approach is argued to be more preferable to a ''formal'' classification system where possible. The analysis of both inorganic and organic compositions of residue samples as well as morphological considerations is considered to be a more ideal approach to GSR analysis, whereever practicable.

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Section: What Is Gunshot Residue?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials—A Review

Dalby

Butler

Birkett

2010

Journal of Forensic Sciences

355

378

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“…Nitrocellulose (NC) is an energetic polymer that is extensively used as a typical industrial feedstock for military applications, including solid rocket propellants, gun propellant, ammunition and fireworks [1][2][3][4]. Nevertheless, its inherent chemical instability and natural tendency to decomposition result in the release of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and nitric acids, initiating further decomposition of NC, which is assigned to the low bonding energy (155 kJ mol À 1 ) of the nitric ester group O-NO 2 [5][6][7]. It directly causes the deterioration of storage properties and life and influences the safety of storage and use of nitratebased energetic materials [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Aniline Stabilizers on Nitrocellulose Based on Isothermal Thermal Decomposition

Luo

Jin

Chai

et al. 2020

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The effects of various aniline stabilizers on the thermal stability of nitrocellulose (NC) were investigated via isothermal thermal decomposition dynamics. The pressuretime curves of NC/stabilizer composites were found to have a distinct inflection point, which was not observed on the pressure-time curves of NC. The effects of stabilizers on the isothermal thermal decomposition kinetics of NC were evaluated using Arrhenius equation and model-fitting method, and the effect of stabilizers on the storage time of NC was estimated using Berthelot equation. Results showed that the activation energy of NC/MNA, NC/ENA, NC/i-PNA, and NC/n-BNA before the inflection point were 162.9, 153.3, 147.4, and 150.6 kJ mol À 1 , respectively, which were significantly increased compared with that of pure NC (144.7 kJ mol À 1 ). Furthermore, the time required for the decomposition extent of NC/MNA, NC/ENA, NC/i-PNA, and NC/n-BNA to reach 0.1 % were 24.9, 11.2, 16.7, and 11.2 years, respectively, at 298.15 K, which was longer than that required of NC (10.6 years). UV-vis revealed that the stabilizers were almost consumed when the NC/stabilizer thermal decomposition pressure-time curve reached the inflection point. Based on the above results, the stability order was MNA > i-PNA > ENA > n-BNA as the criterion for time of the inflection point.

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“…When NC is used alone, it is referred to as single‐base smokeless powder. NC is sensitive to physical treatments such as sparks and shock . Double‐base powders are composed of NC together with a lesser quantity of nitroglycerine (NG).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NG reduces the flash of the propellant and flame temperature while maintaining the chamber pressure. NQ provides low flame temperature, flashlessness, low barrel erosion, and long shelf life . To improve the mechanical properties and performance characteristics of smokeless powders, additives such as stabilizers, plasticizers, flash inhibitors, coolants, moderants, and surface lubricants as well as antiwear additives are added to the composition .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction Technique for Extraction of Volatile Smokeless Powder Compounds in Forensic Applications

Chang

Yew

Abdullah

2014

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Smokeless powders are low explosives and are potentially found in cases involving firearms and improvised explosive devices. Apart from inorganic compound analysis, forensic determination of organic components of these materials appears as a promising alternative, especially the chromatographic techniques. This work describes the optimization of a solid-phase microextraction technique using an 85 μm polyacrylate fiber followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection for smokeless powder. A multivariate experimental design was performed to optimize extraction-influencing parameters. A 2(4) factorial first-order design revealed that sample temperature and extraction time were the major influencing parameters. Doehlert matrix design has subsequently selected 66°C and 21 min as the compromised conditions for the two predetermined parameters. This extraction technique has successfully detected the headspace compounds of smokeless powders from different ammunition types and allowed for their differentiation. The novel technique allows more rapid sample preparation for chromatographic detection of smokeless powders.

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A review of stability test methods for gun and mortar propellants, i: the chemistry of propellant ageing

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials—A Review

Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials—A Review

The Effects of Aniline Stabilizers on Nitrocellulose Based on Isothermal Thermal Decomposition

Optimization of Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction Technique for Extraction of Volatile Smokeless Powder Compounds in Forensic Applications

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