A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean: recent progress and missing gaps in the application of biogenic opal as a paleoproductivity proxy

Ragueneau, Olivier; Tréguer, Paul; Leynaert, Aude; Anderson, Robert F.; Brzezinski, Mark A.; DeMaster, David J.; Dugdale, Richard C.; Dymond, Jack; Fischer, Gerhard; François, Roger; Heinze, Christoph; Maier‐Reimer, Ernst; Martin‐Jézéquel, Véronique; Nelson, David M.; Quéguiner, Bernard

doi:10.1016/s0921-8181(00)00052-7

Cited by 667 publications

(454 citation statements)

References 236 publications

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“…These sediments commonly have high sedimentary opal contents and low recycling efficiencies (Ragueneau et al, 2000). The sites investigated in this study, and sites where other researchers found corresponding Si and O 2 , CO 2 , or NO 3 fluxes or pore water profiles (Martin et al, 1991;Devol and Christensen, 1993;Hall et al, 1996;Berelson et al, 2005) rather display high recycling efficiencies and have low opal contents.…”

Section: Kinetics and Reactive Surface Areamentioning

confidence: 53%

“…A number of possible explanations for the observed correlations were evaluated as follows: There is obviously no close coupling of BSi and OM in the particle flux to the seafloor and within the sediment which could explain the correlation of Si:O 2 fluxes. Although both BSi and OM are major components of diatoms that are found in certain ratios in the living organisms (Ragueneau et al, 2000, the biogeochemical cycles of silicon and carbon decouple both vertically and horizontally in the water column (Rivkin et al, 1996;Gallinari et al, 2002;Ragueneau et al, 2002). Considering the multitude of water depths, and the different regions investigated, related concentrations in the particle rain reaching the seafloor are highly unlikely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recycled Si from deceased siliceous organisms is the main silicon source for living siliceous organisms Tréguer et al, 1995). Occasionally, Si availability can become a limiting factor for diatoms (Dugdale et al, 1995;Dugdale and Wilkerson, 1998), affecting phytoplankton succession and ecosystem composition (Egge and Aksnes, 1992;Ragueneau et al, 2000). Accordingly, the interrelation of the silicon and carbon cycle, and the potential for opal to serve as a proxy for paleoproductivity emphasize the importance of gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern BSi dissolution and recycling efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From laboratory studies, the temperature, pH, undersaturation, and electrolyte composition of the aqueous medium, as well as the specific surface area, impurity content, and aging of BSi have already been identi-fied as system variables of BSi solubility and dissolution kinetics (Lewin, 1961;Van Cappellen and Qiu, 1997a,b;Dixit et al, 2001;Van Cappellen, 2002, 2003;Rickert et al, 2002). Consequently, the array of proposed mechanisms extends from diffusive transport through a boundary layer, or a solid layer leached by preferential dissolution (transport limitation), to decreasing surface area due to dissolution, formation of coatings, adsorbtion of inhibitors, or precipitation of authigenic silicates (surface chemistry limitation) (Ragueneau et al, 2000;Greenwood et al, 2001). For instance, a conclusive empirical relation in field and in vitro data exists between asymptotic Si concentration and the detrital to opal ratio in surface sediments, suggesting a significant lowering of BSi solubility by aluminum released from lithogenic mineral phases (Van Bennekom et al, 1991;Van Cappellen and Qiu, 1997a;Dixit and Van Cappellen, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial mediation of benthic biogenic silica dissolution

Holstein

Hensen

2009

Geo-Mar Lett

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Pore water profiles from 24 stations in the South Atlantic (located in the Guinea, Angola, Cape, Guyana, and Argentine basins) show good correlations of oxygen and silicon, suggesting microbially mediated dissolution of biogenic silica. We used simple analytical transport and reaction models to show the tight coupling of the reconstructed process kinetics of aerobic respiration and silicon regeneration. A generic transport and reaction model successfully reproduced the majority of Si pore water profiles from aerobic respiration rates, confirming that the dissolution of biogenic silica (BSi) occurs proportionally to O 2 consumption. Possibly limited to well-oxygenated sediments poor in BSi, benthic Si fluxes can be inferred from O 2 uptake with satisfactory accuracy. Compared to aerobic respiration kinetics, the solubility of BSi emerged as a less influential parameter for silicon regeneration. Understanding the role of bacteria for silicon regeneration requires further investigations, some of which are outlined. The proposed aerobic respiration control of benthic silicon cycling is suitable for benthic-pelagic models. The empirical relation of BSi dissolution to aerobic respiration can be used for regionalization assessments and estimates of the silicon budget to increase the understanding of global primary and export production patterns.

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Section: Kinetics and Reactive Surface Areamentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Microbial mediation of benthic biogenic silica dissolution

Holstein

Hensen

2009

Geo-Mar Lett

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“…Officer and Ryther, 1980;Egge and Aksnes, 1992;Turner et al, 1998;Billen and Garnier, 2007). Oceanic Si limitations have been seen in the eastern equatorial Pacific and North Atlantic as well as in coastal communities that have experienced eutrophication problems due to increased N and/or P loads relative to Si loads (Ragueneau et al, 2000). Furthermore, rare taxa are more sensitive to changes in salinity than common taxa in siteto-site comparisons (Metzeling, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration–discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments

Godsey

Kirchner

Clow

2009

Hydrological Processes

691

942

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Abstract:Concentration-discharge relationships have been widely used as clues to the hydrochemical processes that control runoff chemistry. Here we examine concentration-discharge relationships for solutes produced primarily by mineral weathering in 59 geochemically diverse US catchments. We show that these catchments exhibit nearly chemostatic behaviour; their stream concentrations of weathering products such as Ca, Mg, Na, and Si typically vary by factors of only 3 to 20 while discharge varies by several orders of magnitude. Similar patterns are observed at the inter-annual time scale. This behaviour implies that solute concentrations in stream water are not determined by simple dilution of a fixed solute flux by a variable flux of water, and that rates of solute production and/or mobilization must be nearly proportional to water fluxes, both on storm and inter-annual timescales. We compared these catchments' concentration-discharge relationships to the predictions of several simple hydrological and geochemical models. Most of these models can be forced to approximately fit the observed concentration-discharge relationships, but often only by assuming unrealistic or internally inconsistent parameter values. We propose a new model that also fits the data and may be more robust. We suggest possible tests of the new model for future studies. The relative stability of concentration under widely varying discharge may help make aquatic environments habitable. It also implies that fluxes of weathering solutes in streams, and thus fluxes of alkalinity to the oceans, are determined primarily by water fluxes. Thus, hydrology may be a major driver of the ocean-alkalinity feedback regulating climate change.

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Biogeochemical cycling of dissolved zinc along the GEOTRACES South Atlantic transect GA10 at 40°S

Wyatt

Milne

Woodward

et al. 2014

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

108

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The biogeochemical cycle of zinc (Zn) in the South Atlantic, at 40°S, was investigated as part of the UK GEOTRACES program. To date there is little understanding of the supply of Zn, an essential requirement for phytoplankton growth, to this highly productive region. Vertical Zn profiles displayed nutrient-like distributions with distinct gradients associated with the water masses present. Surface Zn concentrations are among the lowest reported for the world's oceans (< 50 pM). A strong Zn-Si linear relationship was observed (Zn (nM) = 0.065 Si (μM), r 2 = 0.97, n = 460). Our results suggest that the use of a global Zn-Si relationship would lead to an underestimation of dissolved Zn in deeper waters of the South Atlantic. By utilizing Si* and a new tracer Zn* our data indicate that the preferential removal of Zn in the Southern Ocean prevented a direct return path for dissolved Zn to the surface waters of the South Atlantic at 40°S and potentially the thermocline waters of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre. The importance of Zn for phytoplankton growth was evaluated using the Zn-soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) relationship. We hypothesize that the low Zn concentrations in the South Atlantic may select for phytoplankton cells with a lower Zn requirement. In addition, a much deeper kink at~500m in the Zn:SRP ratio was observed compared to other oceanic regions.

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A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean: recent progress and missing gaps in the application of biogenic opal as a paleoproductivity proxy

Cited by 667 publications

References 236 publications

Microbial mediation of benthic biogenic silica dissolution

Microbial mediation of benthic biogenic silica dissolution

Concentration–discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments

Biogeochemical cycling of dissolved zinc along the GEOTRACES South Atlantic transect GA10 at 40°S

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