A Review on Approaches Employed for Solving Directional Overcurrent Relays’ Coordination Problem

Optimization Techniques for Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination: A Comprehensive Review

“…The paper delved into the challenges associated with protection coordination in both scenarios, examining factors such as the impact of distributed energy resources integration on fault levels, coordination failures, nuisance tripping, and relay performance. Furthermore, authors of [149] reviewed various approaches employed for DOCR coordination, including conventional methods, deterministic approaches, metaheuristic algorithms, and hybrid methods. The review explored the objective functions utilized in formulating the coordination problem.…”

“…A solution to the issue of slow convergence and difficulty in finding acceptable relay settings is to employ a technique known as "breakpoint," which breaks all the loops, and to identify the starting relays at these points. The breakpoint technique can help to reduce the number of iterations required to find suitable relay settings and can also improve the accuracy of the settings [70], [149]. The break points are determined using topological methods based on graph theory and functional dependency to decrease the number of iterations needed for the relay coordination process [14], [33], [84].…”

Design and analysis of power distribution systems for optimum over-current relay coordination using voltage component of fault current limiters

“…To obtain the desired time current characteristic, various standard and non-standard relay characteristics have been reported in the literatures [7]. Researchers have adopted the over current relay characteristics as given below:…”