A Review on Epigenetic Effect of Heavy Metal Carcinogens on Human Health~!2010-01-27~!2010-02-09~!2010-06-09~!

Abstract

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and premature death worldwide. Certain strategies for minimizing carcinogenic factors' exposure can reduce the risk of most cancer types in human. Millions of people around the world get exposed to high levels of heavy metals in the drinking-water. Therefore, quality control in drinking-water and detection of its heavy metals is extremely critical issue in maintaining the human health. The carcinogenicity of aluminum, arsenic, chromium, nickel and selenium has been documented previously, but in scattered fashion. Trace amount of these elements entering the body via various routes can induce genetic and epigenetic alteration in different cancer related genes of somatic and stem cells, thus involving in cancer stem cell formation. Epigenetic variations in the etiology of cancer have led to increasing of cancer research studies in last recent years. Although epigenetic effects of these elements have more prominent role than their genetics effects, these elements are able to alter the pattern of cancerrelated genes' expression profiles, too. Therefore, an understanding of the underlying epigenetically mechanisms of these trace elements and the compounds, which could reduce their toxicities or the number of cancer cases due to these elements in the areas that are contaminated with these metals. Perhaps the toxic effects of these elements in many regions are predictable, but antioxidant supplements may eliminate the reactive oxygen species as leading effects of these elements. The present review article is the compilation of various studies dealt with epigenetic effects of carcinogens on human health.

Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Maxillary Sinus in a Spray Painter from an Automobile Repair Shop

“…Although the histological type of frequently occurring cancer differs, it has been suggested that heavy metals such as chromium and nickel are carcinogenic, and it has also been hypothesized that they can act as co-carcinogens with organic compounds such as PAH [38]. In subsequent studies, chromium has been reported to inhibit expression of the cytochrome P450 (CYP1a1) gene and promote the carcinogenic effect of PAH [39]. Nickel affects intracellular post-translational modification, and it has been demonstrated that arsenic compounds are also involved in the same process [40].…”

Environmental Contamination by Industrial Effluents and Sludge Relative to Heavy Metals

“…Heavy metals in some sectors of the world are contaminating wild life, crops, domestic animal and humans (Fent, K., 1996;Harper et al, 2007;Jeffree et al, 2006;Kojadinovic et al, 2007;Kannan et al, 2006;Mapanda et al, 2007;Storelli et al, 2008;Zauke et al, 2003). Heavy metal contamination might develop into severe health problems which can lead to serious diseases (Mishra et al, 2010).…”

Avaliação da presença de elementos potencialmente tóxicos decorrentes da produção informal e domiciliar de joias e bijuterias na rede de esgoto sanitário de Limeira-SP

“…Quando provenientes de atividades industriais regularmente cadastradas e fiscalizadas, o efluente precisa passar por um pré-tratamento, a fim de controlar ou reduzir a quantidade de poluentes a serem descartados no sistema de esgoto municipal (US EPA, 2004;Matis et al, 2004 A presença dos EPTs no ambiente pode gerar desfechos negativos para a saúde humana representando um problema de saúde publica, visto que a maioria desses elementos já foi classificada como carcinogênica. As vias de exposição variam de acordo com o elemento, mas podem ocorrer por inalação, ingestão e até por absorção dérmica, de forma contínua ou intermitente ao longo do ciclo de vida (Mishra et al, 2010;Rehman et al, 2017 (Soares et al, 2002, US EPA, 2004Ahluwalia e Goyal, 2007;Baysal et al, 2013 (Derisio, 2000;US EPA, 2004;Mucci, 2009 (Derisio, 2000;US EPA, 2004;Mucci, 2009).…”

“…Uma grande variedade de estudos com populações expostas ao arsênio, via inalação ou ingestão, indicam associação com risco de câncer de pulmão (Smith et al, 2006;Marshall et al, 2007;Lubin et al, 2008;Mishra et al, 2010), rim (Tsai et al, 1999;Mishra et al, 2010), bexiga (Marshall et al, 2007;Mishra et al, 2010), pele (Tsai et al, 1999), fígado (Liaw et al, 2008;Rivara et al, 1997) e próstata (Rivara et al, 1997;Tsai et al, 1999).…”

“…O cromo trivalente é um micronutriente essencial para o corpo humano (Markiewicz et al, 2015), enquanto o cromo hexavalente é classificado como carcinogênico pela IARC (2012). A forma trivalente não tem a capacidade de ultrapassar a membrana celular, ao contrário da forma hexavalente, que uma vez dentro da célula pode se converter na forma trivalente ou carcinogênica (Mishra et al, 2010;Markiewicz et al, 2015). Evidências suficientes relatam intoxicação por cromo hexavalente em casos de câncer de pulmão (Azevedo e Chasin, 2003;Cole e Rodu, 2005), poucas evidências indicam associação com câncer de estômago (Beaumont et al, 2008).…”